A Brief Review on Fabrication of Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode: Materials and Techniques

Abstract

Screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is one of the most interesting designs to combine a working (from carbon based material), reference, and counter electrode in a single-printed substrate. SPCE has been used in many electrochemical measurements due to its advantages for analysis in microscale. This paper summarises the main information about SPCE fabrication from the material and fabrication technique aspect on the flat substrate based on the work that has been published in the last 30 years. The success of SPCE fabrication is highly dependent on the composition of conductive ink which consists of conductive materials, binder, and solvents; substrate; and fabrication techniques. Among the carbon-based materials, the most widely used for SPCE fabrications are graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. The frequent binder used are polymer-based materials such as polystyrene, polyaniline, poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), and polyvinyl chloride. The solvents used for SPCE fabrication are varied including water and various organic solvents. The main characteristics of the SPCE substrate should be inert in order to avoid any interferences during electrochemical measurements. The screen printing and inkjet printing technique are preferred for SPCE fabrication due to easy fabrication and the possibility for mass production of SPCE.

Optimization of uric acid detection with Au nanorod-decorated graphene oxide (GO/AuNR) using response surface methodology

“…In human urine, pKa 1 is responsible for converting UA to a more soluble anionic salt. 45 The modified GCE was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the DPV technique. CV was applied between the potentials of +0.2 to +1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl in electrolyte 0.1 M KCl in the presence of 0.1 mM UA at a scanning rate of 100 mV s −1 and a potential step of 10 mV.…”

Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Films

“…Likewise, the composition of the pastes used for deposition of the successive layers may be altered by the addition of nanostructured materials [98] such as cofactors, stabilizers and mediators. More recently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Ag nanowires (AgNWs), CuNWs, CuNPs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have also been explored as nano-inks [99,100] and further incorporated either in these pastes or in a stage on the working electrode.…”

“…By 2015, numerous newsworthy papers referring to screen-printing techniques, ink formulations and substrate materials were published [102,104,105]. Nowadays, taking into account the type of ink and substrate, printing technologies that should be mentioned are screen printing (more 60%, according to Wahyuni, et al [98]), gravure printing, stereolithography, inkjet printing and jet printing [100].…”

Low-cost electrochemical paper-based device for exosome detection

“…21 Wahyuni and his group have developed another similar device on PVC substrates to detect uric acid in human urine. 22 To the best of our knowledge, an electrochemical paper-based device with all three-carbon electrode systems has not been developed for exosome detection. The critical principle of paper-based device fabrication is to make the paper both hydrophobic and hydrophilic, via surface amphiphilic treatment, so that biological samples, including chemicals, can be locally introduced on the paper substrate.…”