A brief review of three manipulations of the Stroop task focusing on the automaticity of semantic access

Flaudias, Valentin; Llorca, Pierre Michel

doi:10.5334/pb.am

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…However, it needs to be noted that due to the limitation of the reaction-based paradigm, some degree of automaticity cannot be completely ruled out. Responses in a Stroop task involve multiple cognitive processes, so RTs alone may not be sufficient enough to detect the change of pure semantic automaticity (Valentin and Pierre 2014). Actually, the paired-learning paradigm has been widely used to explore the development of language automaticity and neural plasticity of language-related brain areas (Deng et al 2008;Song et al 2010;Glezer et al 2015;Yang et al 2015;Geukes et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Symbol Learning-Induced Stroop Effect: Evidence for a Strategy-Based, Utility Learning Model

Wang

Tang

Deng

2015

J Psycholinguist Res

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The automaticity level and attention priority/strategy are two major theories that have attempted to explain the mechanism underlying the Stroop effect. Training is an effective way to manipulate the experience with the two dimensions (ink color and color word) in the Stroop task. In order to distinguish the above two factors (the automaticity or attention/strategy), we revised the training paradigm of MacLeod's study (J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 14(1):126-135, 1988) by adding a control condition for the Stroop task on Chinese. We found that with training, the changing pattern for the Stroop effect was similar in Stroop tasks in novel symbols and in Chinese, showing markedly increasing interference and marginally decreasing facilitation. The current findings support the strategy-based learning account at early stages of novel learning of written symbols.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Symbol Learning-Induced Stroop Effect: Evidence for a Strategy-Based, Utility Learning Model

Wang

Tang

Deng

2015

J Psycholinguist Res

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“…Indeed, despite some separate pathways for color and shape processing, these attributes are also bound (early) in human visual perception (e.g., [ 71 , 72 ]). Color, in particular, has often been used as a paired attribute in previous studies, although this may also relate to paradigms’ roots in the Stroop effect ([ 49 ]; reviews: [ 73 , 74 ]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Categorical consistency facilitates implicit learning of color-number associations

Retter,

Eraßmy,

Schiltz

2023

PLoS ONE

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In making sense of the environment, we implicitly learn to associate stimulus attributes that frequently occur together. Is such learning favored for categories over individual items? Here, we introduce a novel paradigm for directly comparing category- to item-level learning. In a category-level experiment, even numbers (2,4,6,8) had a high-probability of appearing in blue, and odd numbers (3,5,7,9) in yellow. Associative learning was measured by the relative performance on trials with low-probability (p = .09) to high-probability (p = .91) number colors. There was strong evidence for associative learning: low-probability performance was impaired (40ms RT increase and 8.3% accuracy decrease relative to high-probability). This was not the case in an item-level experiment with a different group of participants, in which high-probability colors were non-categorically assigned (blue: 2,3,6,7; yellow: 4,5,8,9; 9ms RT increase and 1.5% accuracy increase). The categorical advantage was upheld in an explicit color association report (83% accuracy vs. 43% at the item-level). These results support a conceptual view of perception and suggest empirical bases of categorical, not item-level, color labeling of learning materials.

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“…This task requires individuals to name the color of the ink rather than the word itself. This task can be modified to induce stress in individuals by adding time pressure or other stressors, leading to a variety of effects on decision making [53]. According to other research, stress may make people more cautious in their decision-making because they may select safer alternatives to relieve their stress [54].…”

Section: Stress Induction and Decision-making Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Acute Stress Effects on Decision Making Using Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Systematic Review

Abdalhadi,

Koundal,

Yusoff

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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This systematic review provides a comprehensive analysis of studies that use electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate how acute stress affects decision-making processes. The primary goal of this systematic review was to examine the influence of acute stress on decision making in challenging or stressful situations. Furthermore, we aimed to identify the specific brain regions affected by acute stress and explore the feature extraction and classification methods employed to enhance the detection of decision making under pressure. Five academic databases were carefully searched and 27 papers that satisfied the inclusion criteria were found. Overall, the results indicate the potential utility of EEG and fNIRS as techniques for identifying acute stress during decisionmaking and for gaining knowledge about the brain mechanisms underlying stress reactions. However, the varied methods employed in these studies and the small sample sizes highlight the need for additional studies to develop more standardized approaches for acute stress effects in decision-making tasks. The implications of the findings for the development of stress induction and technology in the decision-making process are also explained.

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A brief review of three manipulations of the Stroop task focusing on the automaticity of semantic access

Cited by 11 publications

References 52 publications

Novel Symbol Learning-Induced Stroop Effect: Evidence for a Strategy-Based, Utility Learning Model

Novel Symbol Learning-Induced Stroop Effect: Evidence for a Strategy-Based, Utility Learning Model

Categorical consistency facilitates implicit learning of color-number associations

Study of the Acute Stress Effects on Decision Making Using Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Systematic Review

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