A Brief Review of Tests for Normality

Das, Keya Rani

doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.12

Cited by 230 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Observed N 2 O and NH 3 fluxes were converted to N 2 O-N and NH 3 -N for statistical analysis. All fluxes were log transformed prior to statistical test after failing normality testing with a Shapiro-Wilks test (Das & Imon, 2016). An initial ANOVA of all individual flux observations determined that there were significant differences in CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes between treatments.…”

Section: Statistics and Missing Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil trace gas fluxes in living mulch and conventional agricultural systems

et al. 2020

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Row crop agriculture is a significant source of two major greenhouse gases (GHGs) (carbon dioxide [CO2] and nitrous oxide [N2O]) and the air pollutant precursor ammonia (NH3). Fluxes of these naturally occurring trace gases are often augmented by agricultural practices, such as fertilizer application and crop systems management. A living mulch system (LMS) maintains a live cover crop year‐round and is an emerging agricultural system that can reduce pesticide and fertilizer use while maintaining yields. Multiple trace gas fluxes of GHGs and NH3 had not previously been measured together in an LMS of corn (Zea mays L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). This study compared soil gas fluxes in a white clover LMS with two other cover crop systems and a no‐cover‐crop system. Infrared and gas chromatography measurements were taken over 2 yr in northern Georgia. Mean soil CO2 and N2O fluxes (159.7 kg ha−1 d−1 and 0.027 kg N ha−1 d−1, respectively) observed in LMS plots exceeded those from other treatments. Soil temperature, moisture, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (N), and nitrate partially explained these differences. Mean soil NH3 emissions were greater in LMS (0.089 kg N ha−1 d−1) compared with no cover crop (0.038 kg N ha−1 d−1). Increased N2O and NH3 fluxes could be from release of N from decomposition of clover and from release of N into the soil as the corn shades the clover. Although LMS plots did not reduce trace gas emissions, labile carbon content was at least 100 mg kg−1 greater than other treatments after 2 yr, improving soil health.

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Section: Statistics and Missing Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil trace gas fluxes in living mulch and conventional agricultural systems

et al. 2020

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“…Several authors (Shapiro and Wilk 1965;Mardia 1980; Mohd-Razali and Bee-Wah 2011; Rani Das and Rahmatullah Imon, 2016) have given details of how to perform a normality test procedure on a dataset and many statistical packages provide graphs and normality tests.…”

Section: Test Of the Ocmlpsi (Dcmlpsi) Normality Assumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The statistical value of the Shapiro-Wilk test should be close to 1.0 to accept the null hypothesis, whereas the statistic value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test should be close to 0.0 to accept the null hypothesis (Rani Das and Rahmatullah Imon, 2016). In the present case, for the values associated with OCMLPSI (110 and 270), the statistic values of the Shapiro-Wilk were 0.958 and 0.989, whereas the statistic values of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov were 0.080 and 0.044, respectively.…”

Section: Normality Test For the Estimated Ocmlpsi And Dcmlpsi Values mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum and Decorrelated Constrained Multistage Linear Phenotypic Selection Indices Theory

2019

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I n a two-stage context, Cerón-Rojas et al. (2019) described and evaluated the unconstrained optimum and decorrelated multistage linear phenotypic selection indices (OMLPSI and DMLPSI, respectively) theory and concluded that OMLPSI efficiency when predicting the net genetic merit was higher than the DMLPSI efficiency and that breeders should use the OMLPSI when making phenotypic selection. The main difference between the two indices is that although the OMLPSI takes into consideration the correlation values among stages when predicting the net genetic merit, the DMLPSI imposes the restriction that the correlation values among stages be null when it makes the prediction. The main characteristic of the OMLPSI (DMLPSI) in a two-stage context is that at Stage 1, OMLPSI (DMLPSI) is a partial index, but at Stage 2, it is a complete index. This selection procedure is called the part and whole index selection method (Young, 1964; Saxton, 1983) and is valid for any number of stages. The OMLPSI (DMLPSI) is more efficient than the independent culling method because it uses all available information at each

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“…The descriptive statistics of this analysis are depicted in figure 5. Before examining the results of the statistical models, we tested the normality of the residuals using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (and not the more commonly used Shapiro-Wilk test as is it not recommended for larger sample sizes; [116,117]). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed a nonsignificant effect (D ¼ 0.07, p ¼ 0.42), showing that the residuals of our data did not differ significantly from a normal distribution (i.e.…”

Section: (B) Behavioural Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain stimulation to left prefrontal cortex modulates attentional orienting to gaze cues

Wiese

Abubshait

Azarian

et al. 2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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In social interactions, we rely on non-verbal cues like gaze direction to understand the behaviour of others. How we react to these cues is determined by the degree to which we believe that they originate from an entity with a mind capable of having internal states and showing intentional behaviour, a process called mind perception . While prior work has established a set of neural regions linked to mind perception, research has just begun to examine how mind perception affects social-cognitive mechanisms like gaze processing on a neuronal level. In the current experiment, participants performed a social attention task (i.e. attentional orienting to gaze cues) with either a human or a robot agent (i.e. manipulation of mind perception) while transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied to prefrontal and temporo-parietal brain areas. The results show that temporo-parietal stimulation did not modulate mechanisms of social attention, neither in response to the human nor in response to the robot agent, whereas prefrontal stimulation enhanced attentional orienting in response to human gaze cues and attenuated attentional orienting in response to robot gaze cues. The findings suggest that mind perception modulates low-level mechanisms of social cognition via prefrontal structures, and that a certain degree of mind perception is essential in order for prefrontal stimulation to affect mechanisms of social attention. This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.

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A Brief Review of Tests for Normality

Cited by 230 publications

References 30 publications

Soil trace gas fluxes in living mulch and conventional agricultural systems

Soil trace gas fluxes in living mulch and conventional agricultural systems

Optimum and Decorrelated Constrained Multistage Linear Phenotypic Selection Indices Theory

Brain stimulation to left prefrontal cortex modulates attentional orienting to gaze cues

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