2002
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(01)00119-x
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A brief review of recent data on some cytokine expressions at the materno-foetal interface which might challenge the classical Th1/Th2 dichotomy

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Cited by 246 publications
(156 citation statements)
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“…Additional cytokines, e.g. IL-15 5 and IL-18, which are not classed as Th1 or Th2 type cytokines, have been observed at the maternal-fetal interface (Chaouat et al, 2002;Murphy et al, 2009), and the broadening of the Th subset families to include Th17 and Treg has indeed challenged the paradigm and adding to its complexity. Although IL-17 has been mostly associated with hyperinflammation in autoimmunity, it was recently suggested that stromal cell-derived IL-17 was present in the first trimester and had a positive role in sustaining human pregnancy by recruiting Th17 cells, and promoting trophoblast invasion and inhibiting trophoblast apoptosis (Wu et al, 2014).…”
Section: Cytokines In Normal Pregnancymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additional cytokines, e.g. IL-15 5 and IL-18, which are not classed as Th1 or Th2 type cytokines, have been observed at the maternal-fetal interface (Chaouat et al, 2002;Murphy et al, 2009), and the broadening of the Th subset families to include Th17 and Treg has indeed challenged the paradigm and adding to its complexity. Although IL-17 has been mostly associated with hyperinflammation in autoimmunity, it was recently suggested that stromal cell-derived IL-17 was present in the first trimester and had a positive role in sustaining human pregnancy by recruiting Th17 cells, and promoting trophoblast invasion and inhibiting trophoblast apoptosis (Wu et al, 2014).…”
Section: Cytokines In Normal Pregnancymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Th1/Th2 cytokine balance with Th2 predominance has been seen as a very important mechanism determining the survival of the fetus in the maternal uterus [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, mice genetically deficient for IL-4 and IL-10 do not show disturbed pregnancy [18], suggesting that Th2 cells are not essential for normal pregnancy and alloreactive Th1 cells must be differently regulated, as already proposed [19][20][21].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…The placenta is also a rich source of cytokines and probably plays a major role in the maintenance of the appropriate immune response during pregnancy [7,23,24]. Placental lactogen is important in the growth and development of the foetus.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…progesterone [4]. However, the Th1/Th2 paradigm is now regarded as an over-simplification and some newly discovered cytokines do not fit into the classical Th1/Th2 dichotomy [7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%