A Brief Overview and Comparison of Global Fiber Regulations

Williamson, Patricia

doi:10.1094/cfw-62-3-0095

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Dietary fibers, which include β-glucan, arabinoxylans, and resistant starch, are non-digestible polysaccharides that are abundant in whole grains, functionally known as microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) ( Daien et al, 2017 ; Gong et al, 2018 ). They are the main source of energy for gut bacteria, and they are essential to maintain human health ( Koh et al, 2016 ; Daien et al, 2017 ; Williamson, 2017 ). A long-term low-MAC diet has been found to lead to microbiota extinction, which presented intergenerational effects.…”

Section: Re-recognizing the Subject Of Psychology: The Superorganismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Shen

Jin

2018

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

197

159

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Mental disorders and neurological diseases are becoming a rapidly increasing medical burden. Although extensive studies have been conducted, the progress in developing effective therapies for these diseases has still been slow. The current dilemma reminds us that the human being is a superorganism. Only when we take the human self and its partner microbiota into consideration at the same time, can we better understand these diseases. Over the last few centuries, the partner microbiota has experienced tremendous change, much more than human genes, because of the modern transformations in diet, lifestyle, medical care, and so on, parallel to the modern epidemiological transition. Existing research indicates that gut microbiota plays an important role in this transition. According to gut-brain psychology, the gut microbiota is a crucial part of the gut-brain network, and it communicates with the brain via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. The gut microbiota almost develops synchronously with the gut-brain, brain, and mind. The gut microbiota influences various normal mental processes and mental phenomena, and is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous mental and neurological diseases. Targeting the microbiota in therapy for these diseases is a promising approach that is supported by three theories: the gut microbiota hypothesis, the “old friend” hypothesis, and the leaky gut theory. The effects of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior are fulfilled by the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which is mainly composed of the nervous pathway, endocrine pathway, and immune pathway. Undoubtedly, gut-brain psychology will bring great enhancement to psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Various microbiota-improving methods including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, a healthy diet, and healthy lifestyle have shown the capability to promote the function of the gut-brain, microbiota–gut–brain axis, and brain. It will be possible to harness the gut microbiota to improve brain and mental health and prevent and treat related diseases in the future.

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Section: Re-recognizing the Subject Of Psychology: The Superorganismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Shen

Jin

2018

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

197

159

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“…Eben Hipsley first described the term in his article after seeing people eating fiber-rich foods ( 3 ). The current Codex definition of DF promotes the concept that compounds that behave like fiber in vivo , regardless of source, can be considered DF provided that physiological health benefits can be shown ( 4 ). In general, the health benefits of DF include improved gut health, glycemic control, cholesterol reduction, weight management, and increased mineral absorption ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current Codex definition of DF promotes the concept that compounds that behave like fiber in vivo , regardless of source, can be considered DF provided that physiological health benefits can be shown ( 4 ). In general, the health benefits of DF include improved gut health, glycemic control, cholesterol reduction, weight management, and increased mineral absorption ( 4 ). DF is an edible carbohydrate polymer naturally existing in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and cereals with a degree of polymerization (DP) ≥ 3, which could neither be hydrolyzed by the digestive enzymes nor absorbed in the small intestine ( 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insoluble Dietary Fibers From By-Products of Edible Fungi Industry: Basic Structure, Physicochemical Properties, and Their Effects on Energy Intake

et al. 2022

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With the rapid development of the edible fungi industry in the world, especially in China, the resource utilization of edible fungi by-products has become an urgent problem for the industry's sustainable development. The waste residue of edible fungi after polysaccharide extraction by water accounts for a large proportion, which contains a large amount of water-insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). At present, the extracted residue is generally treated as fertilizer or solid waste, which not only pollutes the environment, but wastes resources too. In order to develop these by-products, expand their potential utilization in the food industry, the structure characterization, physicochemical properties, and the influence of IDF on dietary energy intake were studied. The IDF from the residues of polysaccharides extracted from four edible fungi was extracted using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. The results showed that IDF in the four kinds of edible fungi residues was similar in composition but different in texture. Cellulose and hemicellulose are the main IDF extracted from four kinds of edible fungi. Among them, Hericium erinaceus is the softest without obvious granular texture, following Lentinus edodes, while Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa have a relatively hard texture. The yield of four kinds of IDF from high to low came from Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Lentinus edodes, and Grifola frondosa. Fourier transform IR (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed that the four IDFs had similar functional groups and all of them contained a large amount of cellulose. Physical and chemical analysis showed that all the four IDFs had certain water holding capacity, water binding capacity, and oil holding capacity. In-vitro digestion experiments showed that the four IDFs could inhibit the digestion of starch and fat to a certain extent. By-products of edible fungi are an ideal material for the recovery of IDFs, which have the potential to be processed into functional food materials due to their physicochemical properties and physiological functions.

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“…Many kinds of dietary fiber obtained from fruits, vegetables, legumes, and cereals have proved to be effective in preventing and alleviating hyperlipidemia (Liu et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2017; Junejo et al., 2019). Dietary fiber is edible carbohydrate polymer naturally existing in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and cereals with a degree of polymerization (DP) ≥ 3 (Williamson, 2017). It could neither be hydrolyzed by the digestive enzymes nor absorbed in the small intestine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive intervention of insoluble dietary fiber from defatted rice bran on hyperlipidemia in high fat diet fed rats

Liu

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2021

Journal of Food Science

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Increasing dietary fiber intake is considered to be an effective way to prevent and relieve the diseases associated with high-income lifestyles. Compared with soluble dietary fiber, comprehensive evaluation about the effects of insoluble dietary fiber on hyperlipidemia is rarely studied. In the present study, the insoluble dietary fiber was extracted from defatted rice bran by enzymatic treatments (IDF-dRB), followed by investigation about the adsorption and antioxidant activities in vitro. Moreover, the alleviating effects of IDF-dRB on hyperlipidemia were evaluated and analyzed. As a result, IDF-dRB possessed good adsorption capacities of glucose and cholesterol, and also exhibited excellent properties in scavenging radicals. Furthermore, intervention with IDF-dRB significantly improved lipid and glucose metabolism and alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress in rats fed high-fat diet. It was also observed that IDF-dRB treatment could recover the decline in species of gut microbiota caused by high fat diet, increase the community richness, and modulate the metabolic function of gut microbiota. In conclusion, the results indicated that IDF-dRB could ameliorate hyperlipidemia from many aspects and offered some perspectives about the effects of diet intervention with insoluble dietary fiber. Practical Application: Rice bran and defatted rice bran are coproducts in the rice processing industry and potentially valuable for the preparation of insoluble dietary fiber. Here an insoluble dietary fiber IDF-dRB was extracted from defatted rice bran and showed good properties in improving lipid and glucose levels, alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, and modulating gut microbiota in rats fed high-fat diet, suggesting the potential application in ameliorating hyperlipidemia.

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A Brief Overview and Comparison of Global Fiber Regulations

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Insoluble Dietary Fibers From By-Products of Edible Fungi Industry: Basic Structure, Physicochemical Properties, and Their Effects on Energy Intake

Positive intervention of insoluble dietary fiber from defatted rice bran on hyperlipidemia in high fat diet fed rats

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