A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.

Brownstein, Michael J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391

Cited by 380 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…These drugs opened the way to the discovery of the endogenous opioid system in the brain. 43 The term "opioids" includes "opiates" as well as semisynthetic and synthetic compounds (e.g. heroin and morphine) with similar properties.…”

Section: ) Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Psychoactive Substances

Jiann

2008

Chonnam Med J

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Psychoactive substances are believed to be aphrodisiac; but in reality they have deleterious effects on all the aspects of sexual function. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize the available scientific literature on the impact of psychoactive substances, including alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs on erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. Almost all of them have been reported to be associated with ED. These substances may exert their inhibitory effect on erection through their effects on central neurotransmitter pathways (serotogenic, adrenergic or dopaminergic). Besides, some also may exhibit vasoconstricting properties (cocaine), impair endothelium function (nicotine) or suppress the release of luteinizing hormone from the pituitary, resulting in hypogonadism (morphine) to induce ED. The relationship between ED and psychoactive substances is attributed not only to pharmacological effects, but also to psychological and social reactions to substance dependence. Whether withdrawal from the substances could restore erectile function remains unknown. However, human and animal studies demonstrated that the effects of neurological damage from chronic substance abuse are long-lasting. This information of sexual consequence of the substances will be of great general interest and may serve as a powerful tool to healthcare providers.

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Section: ) Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Psychoactive Substances

Jiann

2008

Chonnam Med J

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“…For example, a recent study of the opioid analgesic, tramadol, showed that slowing the rate of dose titration reduced the rate of adverse effect-related study withdrawal. 27 Regarding fear of addiction, the historical association of opioids with centuries of illicit misuse 28 may cause patients, in the most extreme sense, to relate longterm opioid therapy with the stigma of becoming a heroin addict. However, it is critical to note that opioid treatment of pain rarely results in addiction.…”

Section: Pain Treatment Features and Patient Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in opioid use for chronic neuropathic pain: a survey of patients pursuing enrollment in clinical trials

Gilron

Bailey

2003

Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth

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P Pu ur rp po os se e: : Clinical trials suggest that opioids relieve neuropathic pain and decrease pain-related disability. We conducted a pilot study of current prescribing trends and patients' attitudes towards opioids for neuropathic pain.M Me et th ho od ds s: : A patient questionnaire was completed by individuals pursuing enrollment in neuropathic pain clinical trials at our facility.R Re es su ul lt ts s: : Of 154 patients with diabetic neuropathy (55.2%), postherpetic neuralgia (29.9%), idiopathic peripheral neuropathy (9.7%) and other neuropathies (5.2%), 73.4% complained of inadequate pain control, the mean pain duration was 4.7 (SD = 4.4) yr and the mean pain intensity (0-10) was 7.7 (SD = 2.3). In this group, 40.9% had never tried opioids and 24.7% had never tried any opioids, tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants. Only 9.7% were receiving long-acting opioids or "around the clock" dosing whereas 25.3% were receiving opioids on an "as needed" basis. Opioids combined with tricyclic antidepressants and/or anticonvulsants were used in 11.0%. Fear of addiction and adverse effects were expressed by 31.8% and 46.8% respectively.

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“…The endogenous ligands include more than 20 opioid peptides derived from three precursors: proenkephalin (PENK), prodynorphin (PDYN) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) (Brownstein, 1993). In several studies components of the opioid system from human placental tissue have been isolated (Sastry et al, 1980;Liotta et al, 1982;Ahmed et al, 1986;Belisle et al, 1988), but the physiological role of the opioid receptors and peptides in the placenta, an organ lacking innervation, is not fully understood yet.…”

Section: Genes Previously Described In the Context Of Reproductive Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

2 Identification of Genes Induced by the Conceptus in the Bovine Endometrium During the Pre-Implantation Period

Klein¹,

Bauersachs²,

Ulbrich³

et al. 2006

Reprod. Fertil. Dev.

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Early embryonic development, implantation, and maintenance of a pregnancy are critically dependent on an intact embryo-maternal communication. So far, only few signals involved in this dialogue have been identified. In ruminants, interferon tau (IFN�) plays a key role in the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy by exhibiting antiluteolytic activity. Even though many experimental findings indicate a pivotal role of IFN� in the context of embryo-maternal communication in ruminants, a number of other systems may be involved. To identify genes induced in the bovine endometrium by the signaling of the embryo, a combination of subtracted cDNA libraries and cDNA array hybridization was applied. Monozygotic twin pairs (n = 5) were used as the biological model. Pregnancy was created in one twin by transferring two in vitro-produced embryos on Day 7 of the estrous cycle; the other twin received a sham embryo transfer. Pregnant and nonpregnant twins were slaughtered at Day 18; endometrial tissue samples were recovered and processed for transcriptome analysis as described (Bauersachs et al. 2005 J. Mol. Endocrinol. 34, 889-908). Screening of 4608 clones of two subtracted libraries revealed 90 different up-regulated genes and mRNAs, of which almost 50% are known to be stimulated by type I interferons. Among these interferon-stimulated genes, the ISG15 system is assumed to be of particular interest, and several components were studied in more detail using in situ hybridization. The pattern of mRNA expression suggests that modification of endometrial proteins through ISG15ylation plays a fundamental role during the pre-implantation period. A classification of the identified genes based on Gene Ontologies revealed the prevalence of genes involved in regulation of gene expression, cell communication, cell growth, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and cell adhesion, and also the prevalence of genes with immune-related functions. These results underline the intense response of the endometrium to the presence of a conceptus, culminating in the preparation of the maternal environment for embryonic implantation. Further, for eleven selected genes the expression in the endometrium was quantified by the use of real-time RT-PCR. Overall, the results of quantitative RT-PCR and array hybridization correlated very well. To our knowledge this study provides the first holistic gene expression analysis of the bovine endometrium during the pre-implantation period. The results underline the importance of IFN� as an embryo-derived pregnancy recognition signal and depict the molecular mechanisms at the mRNA level underlying the intense embryo-maternal dialog taking place at Day 18 of gestation.

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A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.

Abstract: Presently she cast a drug into the wine of which they drank to lull all pain and anger and bring forgetfulness of every sorrow." The Odyssey, Homer (Ninth century B.C.

Cited by 380 publications

References 21 publications

Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Psychoactive Substances

Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Psychoactive Substances

Trends in opioid use for chronic neuropathic pain: a survey of patients pursuing enrollment in clinical trials

2 Identification of Genes Induced by the Conceptus in the Bovine Endometrium During the Pre-Implantation Period

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