“…Boundary integral formulations offer an efficient modality for the analysis of fields scattered by homogeneous objects as (i) they can be formulated only in terms of surface integral equations and (ii) radiation boundary conditions are explicitly included in the Green's function. Despite their advantages, their formulation is more difficult than that of their differential equation counterparts, and as a result this method has seen sporadic development in the past 10,11 , and a more concerted effort recently 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 . The recent development of fast solvers that ameliorate the CPU and memory complexity of surface integral equation based solvers, i.e., reduce the scaling from O(N 2 s ) to O(N s log 2 N s ) where N s is the number of spatial degrees of freedom, has made these techniques more appealing 20,21 .…”