A Bone in the Rat’s Heart

Abstract

We report the first finding of bone metaplasia of left ventricular aneurysm following myocardial infarction in young rat. Areas of cartilagineous and osseous metaplasia were found in the papillary muscle, chordae tendineae and subendocardial tissue seven weeks after experimental ligation of the left coronary artery. In this experiment, a breed of normotensive, two-month-old rats was used, meaning that all potential genetic and age-related factors for the development of metaplasia can be ruled out. Trichrome Mallory and hematoxylin-eosin staining showed an aneurysmatically changed heart wall with central parts of several trabeculae occupied by cartilaginous tissue, that in which some areas displayed signs of endochondral ossification: characteristic chondrocyte hypertrophy with small areas of calcified matrix and osteoid bone formation. The metaplastic areas expressed strong immunoreactivity with bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 7. Cartilage tissue formation in the rat's heart was the result of oxygen diffusion from the oxygen-enriched blood inside the left ventricle and the local slowing of blood current inside the aneurysm, because the coronary artery supply in that area was cut off from ligation. Cartilage is known to be the only tissue that can survive in ischemic environments because it can obtain oxygen by diffusion from nearby blood. The presence of bone morphogenetic protein in the ischemic area directs myofibroblasts in the scar area to differentiate into chondrocytes and osteocytes, presenting as ossifying cartilage in the papillary muscle and subendocardial zone.

Areas of Cartilaginous and Osseous Metaplasia After Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Rats

“…Cartilage metaplasia in heart represents an uncommon condition, previously documented in several species (Egerbacher et al ., ; López et al ., ; Durán et al ., ; Gopalakrishnan et al ., ; Aupperle et al ., ; Balah et al ., ; Aljinovic et al ., ; Warchulska et al ., ). In cardiac valves this atypical process of chondroid transformation is harbored within the interstitium (Lincoln et al ., ).…”

“…Moreover, the co-existence of bone tissue was described in the normal cardiac structure of ruminants (Gopalakrishnan et al, 2007;Balah et al, 2014). Apparently, the cartilaginous metaplasia in heart and, supplementary, the accumulation of calcium deposits in the matrix of this newly formed tissue would at least partially rigidize this structure with possible effects on heart dynamics (Aljinovic et al, 2016;Pillai et al, 2017). Moreover, cartilaginous/bone metaplasia has been reported in the stromal tissue scars of human heart in patients with severe neoplasia (Mridha et al, 2007;Yoichi et al, 2009;Gigis and Gigis, 2012;Jokoji et al, 2012).…”