A blood–brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity

Abstract

The blood–brain barrier is playing a critical role in controlling the influx and efflux of biological substances essential for the brain’s metabolic activity as well as neuronal function. Thus, the functional and structural integrity of the BBB is pivotal to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The different cells and structures contributing to developing this barrier are summarized along with the different functions that BBB plays at the brain–blood interface. We also explained the role of shear stress in maintaining BBB integrity. Furthermore, we elaborated on the clinical aspects that correlate between BBB disruption and different neurological and pathological conditions. Finally, we discussed several biomarkers that can help to assess the BBB permeability and integrity in-vitro or in-vivo and briefly explain their advantages and disadvantages.

PLGA Nanoparticle-Based Formulations to Cross the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery: From R&D to cGMP

“…ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membraneassociated transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) show significant expressions at the BBB, protecting the brain from potential harmful endogenous and exogenous substances [6,7]. As a result, the BBB only selectively transports molecules such as certain amino acids, sugars, and gaseous molecules (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide) into the brain [8]. For example, antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) have shown to be effective in managing HIV-1 [9].…”

Germinated Sang-Yod Rice Improves Learning Ability and Memory of Obese Mice

“…Subsequently, the absorbed GABA is transported to the brain passing the BBB through GABA receptors of the enteric nervous system (ENS). 18 Besides GABA, glutamate has been enormously supplied by germinated Sang-Yod rice. 4 It might be beneficial to people who aim to control their weight, to increase GABA concentration in their brain, and to improve learning ability and memory by consuming GABA-rich rice as daily carbohydrate source.…”

AS602801 sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide and vincristine by blocking gap junction communication between glioma cells and astrocytes

“…22 Astrocytes are actually the most dominant type of cells in human brain by connecting one another via means of gap junctional communication (GJC). 23 Astrocytes also act as house-keeping cells to preserve homeostasis in the microenvironment of brain. 24,25 In medical disorders, astrocytes are triggered by means of the up-regulation of glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP) to guard nerve cells against numerous neuron damages, injuries and ischaemic insult.…”