In 2016 the biennial congress of the Italian Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIMAI) was held at Politecnico di Milano (Italy). Promoting collaboration between mathematicians, industrial practitioners and management scientists is among the main goals of SIMAI. In Milan, a number of minisymposia were dedicated to applications and computational aspects of numerical optimization. They were motivated by the historically established interplay between numerical optimization and application problems [3,9], aimed at improving the design, planning and/or performances of processes in industry or management. More recently, optimization has assumed great importance for the extraction of information from very large data sets and, in particular, for signal, image and learning processing in a myriad of application areas. In the optimization problems arising in many real life problems, the design of effective algorithms is a challenging task, either because of the high computational cost of evaluating objectives and constraints, or because of the nonlinearity, multimodality, discontinuity and uncertainty in the data and in the models. Thus the effective solution of practically significant problems is based on a blend of theoretical and computational issues. The contributions from the SIMAI conference included in this special issue are far from giving a complete picture of the mutual impact between numerical optimization and real world problems. Nevertheless, they span a diverse range of topics and applications, and in particular they show that even mathematical issues, that at first glance appear to be very theoretical, can have application-related aspects. This is the case for instance, of the generalization of the Féjer sequences in a real Hilbert space considered in [5]. The main novelty with respect to the standard Valeria Ruggiero and Gerardo Toraldo are the Members of INdAM Research group GNCS, Italy..