A blind proposed 3D mesh watermarking technique for copyright protection

Khalil, O. H.; Elhadad, Ahmed; Ghareeb, A.

doi:10.1080/13682199.2020.1740431

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In [ 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 19 ], the presented methods were based on embedding the QR code into images based on various domains. On the other hand, in [ 1 , 3 ] the presented methods were based on watermarking the 3D object using a different watermark sequence. Hence in this paper, the proposed 3D object watermarking method achieves the advantage characteristic of using the QR code as the embedding sequence into the 3D object.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the copyright of the 3D object needs more requesting to push research towards developing protection techniques. The various watermarking methods for 3D objects can be classified according to the embedding domains such as the spatial domain [ 1 – 3 ], the spectral domain [ 4 , 5 ], and the transform domain [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid and Blind Watermarking Approach of the 3D Objects Using QR Code Images for Securing Copyright

Al-Saadi

Elhadad

Ghareeb

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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Watermarking techniques in a wide range of digital media was utilized as a host cover to hide or embed a piece of information message in such a way that it is invisible to a human observer. This study aims to develop an enhanced rapid and blind method for producing a watermarked 3D object using QR code images with high imperceptibility and transparency. The proposed method is based on the spatial domain, and it starts with converting the 3D object triangles from the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to the two-dimensional coordinates domain using the corresponding transformation matrix. Then, it applies a direct modification on the third vertex point of each triangle. Each triangle’s coordinates in the 3D object can be used to embed one pixel from the QR code image. In the extraction process, the QR code pixels can be successfully extracted without the need for the original image. The imperceptibly and the transparency performances of the proposed watermarking algorithm were evaluated using Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine distance, and the correlation distance values. The proposed method was tested under various filtering attacks, such as rotation, scaling, and translation. The proposed watermarking method improved the robustness and visibility of extracting the QR code image. The results reveal that the proposed watermarking method yields watermarked 3D objects with excellent execution time, imperceptibility, and robustness to common filtering attacks.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and Blind Watermarking Approach of the 3D Objects Using QR Code Images for Securing Copyright

Al-Saadi

Elhadad

Ghareeb

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

Self Cite

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“…Even so the 3D objects are widely available and important, there are a few existing watermarking techniques. e various watermarking techniques for 3D objects can be classified according to the embedding domains such as the spatial domain [18,19], the spectral-domain [20,21], and the transform domain [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Blind Watermarking Model of the 3D Object and the Polygonal Mesh Objects for Securing Copyright

Al-Saadi

Ghareeb

Elhadad

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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In this paper, we propose a novel model for 3D object watermarking. The proposed method is based on the properties of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of the 3D object vertices to embed a secret grayscale image three times. The watermarking process takes place by using the vertices coefficients and the encrypted image pixels. Moreover, the extraction process is totally blind based on the reverse steps of the embedding process to recover the secret grayscale image. Various performance aspects of the method are measured and compared between the original 3D object and the watermarked one using Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine distance, and correlation distance. The obtained results show that the proposed model provides better performances in terms of execution time and invisibility.

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“…Moreover, number of vertices where watermark bits can be inserted are limited as compared to other multimedia content. Due these challenges, 3-D mesh watermarking is still in its infancy [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blind, Secured and Robust Watermarking for 3-D Polygon Mesh using Vertex Curvature

Singh¹,

Devi²

2021

IJACSA

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In this paper a blind, imperceptible, robust and secure watermarking scheme for 3-D mesh models is presented.Here, the watermark is embedded in deeper surface vertices to minimize the perceivable distortion. Deeper surface vertices are selected on the basis of their mean curvature (lesser than zero) and converted to spherical coordinates. Out of the three spherical coordinates, radial distance represents approximate mesh and is invariant to distortionless attack. Therefore, watermark bits are embedded by modifying the distribution of radial distance to make the proposed scheme robust against such attacks. Radial distances are divided into bins and normalized to range in [0,1]. Each bin accommodates one watermark bit. Watermark is embedded repeatedly in the 3-D mesh to resist cropping and simplification attack. To ensure higher security, a 128-bit unique watermark is generated by hashing (MD5 algorithm) the mean of histogram map obtained from a grayscale watermark image. Watermark bits are extracted from bins by comparing mean of each bin with a reference value. Since original mesh is not required at the time of extraction, the proposed scheme is blind. Through experimental results, it is demonstrate that the proposed scheme has good visual masking and higher robustness against various attacks. It shows improved performance as compared to some of the prominent schemes.

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A blind proposed 3D mesh watermarking technique for copyright protection

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

Rapid and Blind Watermarking Approach of the 3D Objects Using QR Code Images for Securing Copyright

Rapid and Blind Watermarking Approach of the 3D Objects Using QR Code Images for Securing Copyright

A Blind Watermarking Model of the 3D Object and the Polygonal Mesh Objects for Securing Copyright

Blind, Secured and Robust Watermarking for 3-D Polygon Mesh using Vertex Curvature

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