A bittersweet meal: The impact of sugar solutions and honeydew on the fitness of two predatory gall midges

Abstract

This article is made publicly available in the institutional repository of Wageningen University and Research, under the terms of article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, also known as the Amendment Taverne. This has been done with explicit consent by the author.Article 25fa states that the author of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds is entitled to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work.This publication is distributed under The Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU) 'Article 25fa implementation' project. In this project research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication.You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and / or copyright owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication or parts of it other than authorised under article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright act is prohibited. Wageningen University & Research and the author(s) of this publication shall not be held responsible or liable for any damages resulting from your (re)use of this publication.

Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Preying on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

“…Kidney bean pots infested with T. urticae were prepared in the cage and replaced every day. The plants were sprayed with a 50% sugar solution (w/v) to promote the oviposition of the adults [26]. Then, the adults emerging from the cocoons were allowed to lay their eggs on the bean leaves for 24 h. Because it is not easy to detach individual eggs from the leaves without injury, we first collected the whole leaves.…”

Predators and Parasitoids-in-First: From Inundative Releases to Preventative Biological Control in Greenhouse Crops

“…This includes a.o. parasitoids (Wäckers, 2001), syrphids (Van Rijn and Wäckers, 2016), gall midges (Fratoni et al, 2020), chrysopids (Stelzl, 1991;Hogervorst et al, 2007), coccinellids (Pemberton and Vandenberg, 1993), mirids (Portillo et al, 2012), and phytoseiids (Van Rijn and Tanigoshi, 1999b). Natural enemies can feed from a range of carbohydrate sources.…”

“…Overall, the nutritional suitability of the above sugar sources depends on composition and concentration of carbohydrates (Wäckers, 2001;Azzouz et al, 2004;Fratoni et al, 2020). Sugar concentration is an important factor determining sugar uptake.…”

Honeydew as a newly described route of insecticide exposure to beneficial insects

“…Indeed, this rich and ubiquitous food source is exploited by many insects with different feeding styles. For instance, many parasitic wasps, flies, ants, or predators rely on honeydew as a main carbohydrate source (Fratoni et al, 2019;Hogervorst et al, 2007;Lundgren, 2009;Rogers et al, 2007;Way, 1963). In addition, nectarivorous insects including bees, solitary bees, bumblebees, butterflies and moths will accept honeydew as food when encountered (Herrera, 1990;Konrad et al, 2009;Lundgren, 2009), especially during periods when nectar is scarce (Cameron et al, 2019;Meiners et al, 2017).…”

“…Instead, honeydew is a ubiquitous carbohydrate source that is present during most of the growing season in many crops (Tena et al, 2016;Wäckers et al, 2008). It is well-known that beneficial insects feed on honeydew, either as a common food source as occurs with various species of parasitic wasps, predatory midges, and pollinators (Calabuig et al, 2015;Fratoni et al, 2019;Herrera, 1990;Hogervorst et al, 2007;Konrad et al, 2009;Lee et al, 2006;Lundgren, 2009;Luquet et al, 2021;Rogers et al, 2007;Tena et al, 2013aTena et al, , 2016Way, 1963), or as a substitute of nectar when the latter is scarce (Cameron et al, 2019;Konrad et al, 2009;Meiners et al, 2017).…”