A Bismuth‐Based Electrocatalyst for the Chromous‐Chromic Couple in Acid Electrolytes

Wu, C. D.; Scherson, Daniel Alberto; Calvo, Ernesto J.; Yeager, Ernest; Reid, Margaret A.

doi:10.1149/1.2108351

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The headspace was swept with argon gas; differential pumping was used to introduce the gas to the mass spectrometer. The H-type cell utilized high surface area platinum mesh electrodes and each half-cell was separated by a Daramic 175 microporous separator (exposed area of 0.8 cm 2 ) that had been pre-soaked in a 1:4 choline chloride:ethylene glycol solution (24 hours). The cell was assembled inside a nitrogen filled glove box.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike conventional batteries, dissolved reactive species are stored in tanks and flowed through an electrolytic stack, where the electrochemical reactions occur, allowing for scalability. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) employ a redox chemistry at both electrodes; examples include the all-vanadium, 1 iron-chrome, 2,3 or a metal-free system utilizing quinones. 4 There are also several hybrid configurations, such as the all-iron, 5 all-copper, 6 and zinc halide 7 system which involve metal deposition/dissolution at one electrode.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Miller

Wainright

Savinell

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Iron chloride in a deep eutectic solvent containing high concentrations of iron with choline chloride and ethylene glycol have been synthesized. It was found that physical properties of the electrolytes, as well as the nature of the electroplated iron are greatly influenced by electrolyte composition. This is not surprising in that electrochemical reactivity of the solute ions as well as the physical properties of the electrolyte are controlled by speciation of the metals in solution. When the chloride to iron ratio is ≥4:1, complexes such as [FeCl 4 ] − and [FeCl 4 ] 2− were shown to be the dominant species using X-ray absorption near edge structure measurements coupled with Raman spectroscopy. However, when the chloride to iron ratio falls below 4:1, the ethylene glycol was found to complex the iron; the presence of this complex hinders fluid properties as shown by an order of magnitude decrease in solution conductivity as well as alter the iron deposition mechanism. © The Author(s) 2017. Flow batteries present a potentially low cost energy storage solution that is flexible in design due to external storage of the electrolyte. They offer reversible energy storage along with the load-leveling capabilities needed to facilitating implementation of renewable energy sources. Unlike conventional batteries, dissolved reactive species are stored in tanks and flowed through an electrolytic stack, where the electrochemical reactions occur, allowing for scalability. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) employ a redox chemistry at both electrodes; examples include the all-vanadium, 1 iron-chrome, 2,3 or a metal-free system utilizing quinones. 4 There are also several hybrid configurations, such as the all-iron, 5 all-copper, 6 and zinc halide 7 system which involve metal deposition/dissolution at one electrode. With the hybrid configurations, the storage capacity is related to the amount of metal that can be stored within the stack. The reactions for the all-iron chemistry are shown by Equations 1 and 2 where iron metal is deposited at the negative electrode upon charge. The all-iron chemistry represents a cost effective and environmentally friendly RFB chemistry and was thus chosen for this study.Positive Electrode: FeAqueous based flow battery systems have been widely studied, [8][9][10] however there is a growing interest in non-aqueous electrolytes with larger electrochemical windows (1.5−5.0 V 11 ) as a means to increase power density. Unfortunately, organic solvents have safety hazards associated with them due to their volatile and flammable nature and contamination by trace amounts of moisture or oxygen can have detrimental effects on battery performance. 12 The solubility of active species in these types of electrolytes are often very low, limiting the energy storage capacity. 13,14 Ionic liquids (IL) offer a different approach to increase energy and power densities of current non-aqueous redox flow battery (RFB) technologies. They possess wide electrochemical windows similar to organic solvents but with the advantages o...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Miller

Wainright

Savinell

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Hydrogen evolution not only reduces the coulombic efficiency, but also causes the state of charge (SOC) of positive and negative electrolytes to be imbalanced over prolonged cycles, eventually causing capacity decay. To counter these issues, catalysts, such as Bi and AueTl, are deposited on the electrode surface to enhance the electrochemical kinetics of the Cr(II)/Cr(III) redox reaction, and alleviate hydrogen evolution [5,8]. In addition, a rebalance cell that manages produced hydrogen and rebalances the SOC of electrolytes can be installed to avoid the negative effects of hydrogen evolution on the battery capacity [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of all-vanadium and iron-chromium redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage

Zeng

Zhao

et al. 2015

Journal of Power Sources

273

154

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confidence: 99%

“…Examples of these traditional RFBs include all-vanadium and iron-chrome, among others. 1,3,4 Hybrid flow batteries differ from traditional RFBs in that all of the reactants are not completely soluble -instead, the reaction on the negative electrode involves plating and stripping of metal within the stack. 5 Thus, alongside the size of the tanks, the volume of the available space for plating within the stack can also determine the upper limit on the energy that can be stored by the battery.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plating Utilization of Carbon Felt in a Hybrid Flow Battery

Hoyt

Hawthorne

Savinell

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A hybrid flow battery is a type of flow battery that includes a deposition reaction at the negative electrode; therefore, the volume available in the negative electrodes of the stack limits the total energy that can be stored by such a battery. In this paper, the plating capacity of a porous carbon felt in a hybrid flow battery with a flow-through geometry was examined by copper deposition from a mixed Cu-Fe sulfate chemistry. Due to uneven current distribution across the porous electrode, at most only 23% of the available volume was actually usable for metal deposition before the battery failed. The percentage of volume able to be utilized varied with the applied current density. A model for predicting this plating utilization as a function of the porous electrode characteristics, electrolyte properties, and current density was developed, and ways of improving the current distribution to achieve higher plating utilization were examined. Even under non-optimized conditions, plating densities in excess of 560 mAh cm −2 were achieved. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have gained recent interest for use as grid-scale energy storage devices to ameliorate the intermittency of wind and solar generation and the load balancing issues of the power grid.1,2 The large energy storage requirements for grid-scale applications can be satisfied by an RFB system simply through appropriate upscaling of the electrolyte storage tanks and volume of reactants. For traditional RFBs, this can be done independently of the size of the stack, thereby allowing the scaling of power and energy to be decoupled from one another. Examples of these traditional RFBs include all-vanadium and iron-chrome, among others. 1,3,4 Hybrid flow batteries differ from traditional RFBs in that all of the reactants are not completely soluble -instead, the reaction on the negative electrode involves plating and stripping of metal within the stack.5 Thus, alongside the size of the tanks, the volume of the available space for plating within the stack can also determine the upper limit on the energy that can be stored by the battery. Energy and power, hence, are no longer decoupled in a hybrid battery.Efficient utilization of the available space for plating is thus important to keeping costs down; inefficient use of the space would require a larger, more expensive stack for a given energy storage requirement, and could also negatively impact energy storage efficiency. The storage efficacy can be described by the plating utilization, which is the maximum percentage of the available volume within the negative electrode that is able to accept deposited metal.Flat plate electrodes are often used for hybrid flow batteries involving the Zn 2+ /Zn 0 reaction at the negative electrode. 6-8 A flat plate electrode has good plating utilization as it allows much of the stack volume to be utilized for metal deposition (as metal is gradually built up from the current collector). Some excess volume is necessary in order to prevent dendrites from puncturing the separator in the case o...

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A Bismuth‐Based Electrocatalyst for the Chromous‐Chromic Couple in Acid Electrolytes

Abstract: not Available.

Cited by 44 publications

References 12 publications

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

A comparative study of all-vanadium and iron-chromium redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage

Plating Utilization of Carbon Felt in a Hybrid Flow Battery

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