A Bird’s Eye View of Various Cell-Based Biomimetic Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Arthritis

Abstract

Arthritis is the inflammation and tenderness of the joints because of some metabolic, infectious, or constitutional reasons. Existing arthritis treatments help in controlling the arthritic flares, but more advancement is required to cure arthritis meticulously. Biomimetic nanomedicine represents an exceptional biocompatible treatment to cure arthritis by minimizing the toxic effect and eliminating the boundaries of current therapeutics. Various intracellular and extracellular pathways can be targeted by mimicking the surface, shape, or movement of the biological system to form a bioinspired or biomimetic drug delivery system. Different cell-membrane-coated biomimetic systems, and extracellular-vesicle-based and platelets-based biomimetic systems represent an emerging and efficient class of therapeutics to treat arthritis. The cell membrane from various cells such as RBC, platelets, macrophage cells, and NK cells is isolated and utilized to mimic the biological environment. Extracellular vesicles isolated from arthritis patients can be used as diagnostic tools, and plasma or MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles can be used as a therapeutic target for arthritis. Biomimetic systems guide the nanomedicines to the targeted site by hiding them from the surveillance of the immune system. Nanomedicines can be functionalized using targeted ligand and stimuli-responsive systems to reinforce their efficacy and minimize off-target effects. This review expounds on various biomimetic systems and their functionalization for the therapeutic targets of arthritis treatment, and discusses the challenges for the clinical translation of the biomimetic system.

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“…Special attention is given to plants because they are found in abundance in nature and are an important source of bioactive compounds. These “green biologics”—the plants—are useful for both the production of active principles and the preparation of “green” nanoparticles [ 328 , 329 ]. Kanwar et al [ 329 ] highlighted the importance of using vegetal extracts in the synthesis of NPs, which opened a new era for the development of nontoxic (“green”) methods for the preparation of “green” nanomedicines.…”

“…These “green biologics”—the plants—are useful for both the production of active principles and the preparation of “green” nanoparticles [ 328 , 329 ]. Kanwar et al [ 329 ] highlighted the importance of using vegetal extracts in the synthesis of NPs, which opened a new era for the development of nontoxic (“green”) methods for the preparation of “green” nanomedicines. Moreover, these authors pointed out the superiority of “green” synthesized NPs from natural and biological sources over chemical synthesized ones.…”