A biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19

Nürnberger, Patrick; Lewinski, Dirk von; Rothenhäusler, Hans-Bernd; Braun, C.; Reinbacher, Patrick; Kolesnik, Ewald; Baranyi, Andreas

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264357

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…For example, stress and thinking patterns are examples of psychological factors that can influence health outcomes. 95 , 96 Finally, social factors are an essential component of the biopsychosocial model. Social insurance, race, religious beliefs, and economic income are all examples of social factors that can influence mental health outcomes.…”

Section: Theoretical Framework Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nonlinear Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Perceived Depression in the Chinese Population

Li¹,

Li²,

Liu³

et al. 2023

PRBM

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Purpose Existing studies on the association between BMI and depression report conflicting results with some demonstrating a positive relationship, while others a negative link or insignificant correlation. Very limited research on the nonlinear relationship between BMI and depression has yet to clarify the reliability and robustness of the potential nonlinearity and whether a more complex association exists. This paper aims to systematically investigate the nonlinear relationship between the two factors applying rigorous statistical methods, as well as explore the heterogeneity of their association. Materials and Methods A large-scale nationally representative dataset, Chinese General Social Survey, is used to empirically analyze the nonlinear relationship between BMI and perceived depression. Various statistical tests are employed to check the robustness of the nonlinearity. Results Results indicate that there is a U-shaped relationship between BMI and perceived depression, with the turning point (25.718) very close to while slightly larger than the upper limit of the range of healthy weight (18.500 ≤ BMI < 25.000) defined by World Health Organization. Both very high and low BMIs are associated with increased risk for depressive disorders. Furthermore, perceived depression is higher at almost all BMI levels among individuals who are older, female, lower educated, unmarried, in rural areas, belonging to ethnic minorities, non-Communist Party of China members, as well as those with lower income and uncovered by social security. In addition, these subgroups have smaller inflection points and their self-rated depression is more sensitive to BMI. Conclusion This paper confirms a significant U-shaped trend in the association between BMI and depression. Therefore, it is important to account for the variations in this relationship across different BMI categories when using BMI to predict depression risk. Besides, this study clarifies the management goals for achieving an appropriate BMI from a mental health perspective and identifies vulnerable subgroups at higher risk of depression.

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Section: Theoretical Framework Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nonlinear Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Perceived Depression in the Chinese Population

Li¹,

Li²,

Liu³

et al. 2023

PRBM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is likely that relationships are bidirectional. For instance, it is possible that individuals with high levels of anxiety prior to the pandemic were predisposed to experience higher levels of anxiety about COVID-19 infection, and that the pandemic increased anxiety in some with higher baseline levels [60,61].…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19-Related Stressors and Clinical Mental Health Symptoms in a Northeast US Sample

Monnig

Clark

Avila

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Research has linked specific COVID-19-related stressors to the mental health burden, yet most previous studies have examined only a limited number of stressors and have paid little attention to their clinical significance. This study tested the hypothesis that individuals who reported greater COVID-19-related stressors would be more likely to have elevated levels of anxiety, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and serious psychological distress. Methods: An online survey was administered to a convenience sample from 18 June to 19 July 2020, in US states that were most affected by COVID-19 infections and deaths at the time. Individuals who were 18 or older and residents of five Northeast US states were eligible to participate (N = 1079). In preregistered analyses, we used logistic regression models to test the associations of COVID-19 stressors with symptoms on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and K6, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Results: COVID-19-related stressors (i.e., essential worker status, worry about COVID-19 infection, knowing someone hospitalized by COVID-19, having children under 14 at home, loneliness, barriers to environmental rewards, food insecurity, loss of employment) were associated with meeting thresholds (i.e., positive screening) for anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and/or serious psychological distress. Loneliness and barriers to environmental rewards were associated with all mental health outcomes. Limitations: We used a non-probability sample and cannot assume temporal precedence of stressors with regard to development of mental health symptoms. Conclusions: These findings link specific stressors to the mental health burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated anxiety and mood disorders among people who already suffered from these diseases [23], but also among the general population [24], where females tend to report higher anxiety levels than males [25]. In previous studies, fear of COVID-19 has been associated with anxiety, which, on the one hand, significantly predicted severe fear of COVID-19, and, on the other hand, high fear of COVID-19 predicted an increase in anxiety [26,27]. In addition, the university student population faced high levels of stress and anxiety, mainly caused by the closure of universities and the adoption of distance learning [28,29], and this impact was even bigger on freshmen [30] who were not able to manage the ability to regulate the emotions related to their studies because of the novelty of their studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Protective and Educational Effects of Physical Activity Practice on Mental Health in Young Age during COVID-19 Lockdown

2022

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Background: The restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic have modified the lifestyle of young people, worsening their mental health. Although some countries were allowed to practice outdoor physical activity (PA) in cases of lockdown, the PA level in the general population decreased. The current study aims to assess the differences in fear of COVID-19, anxiety, neuroticism, and general self-efficacy between university students who practiced PA during the second wave of lockdown and those who did not practice any PA. Methods: The sample consisted of 276 university students (176 females, 63.8%; mean age: 22.13, SD: ±3.94) who answered an online questionnaire detecting life habits (e.g., PA practice) during COVID-19 restrictions, fear of COVID-19, anxiety, neuroticism, and general self-efficacy. In addition, a 2 (gender) × 2 (physical activity) MANCOVA model was used to compare the variables’ differences. Finally, a path analysis model was performed to assess the protective effect of physical activity. Results: The students engaging in PA during lockdown showed lower fear of COVID-19, state and trait anxiety, neuroticism, and higher levels of general self-efficacy. Gender differences concerning fear of COVID-19 and a significant interaction with physical activity emerged: physically active females displayed the highest fear of COVID-19 compared to sedentary females and active males. Gender differences also emerged concerning state and trait anxiety and neuroticism. The path analysis model confirmed a light protective effect of sport/PA practice on mitigating neuroticism and anxiety, which, in turn, affect general self-efficacy. Conclusions: According to the results, it emerged that physical activity could represent a protective and educational factor for male students’ mental health during the COVID-19 restriction and partially for female ones.

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A biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

The Nonlinear Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Perceived Depression in the Chinese Population

The Nonlinear Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Perceived Depression in the Chinese Population

COVID-19-Related Stressors and Clinical Mental Health Symptoms in a Northeast US Sample

Protective and Educational Effects of Physical Activity Practice on Mental Health in Young Age during COVID-19 Lockdown

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