A biomimetic piezoelectric scaffold with sustained Mg2+ release promotes neurogenic and angiogenic differentiation for enhanced bone regeneration

Dissolution–precipitation synthesis and thermal stability of magnesium whitlockite

“…4,10–12 Moreover, Mg-WH demonstrated piezoelectric properties, which allows it to be used as a self-powered electrical stimulator for osteogenic, neurogenic and angiogenic differentiation. 13,14…”

Anisotropic Microspheres–Cryogel Composites Loaded with Magnesium l-Threonate Promote Osteogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Neurogenesis for Repairing Bone Defects

“…Bone remodeling involves not only the balance between osteogenesis and osteolysis but also the coupling between bones, blood vessels, and nerves. 5,6 The blood vessels distributed in the bone tissue deliver necessary nutrients and oxygen for the vital activity of bone cells while removing metabolic waste products, which are essential for bone remodeling. 7,8 It is well known that nerves also play a vital role in bone healing.…”

“…However, autologous bone grafts are often limited by secondary damage, while allogeneic bone grafts may face challenges with finding suitable donor sources and immune rejection. , The development of bone tissue engineering (BTE) affords novel methods for repairing bone defects. Bone remodeling involves not only the balance between osteogenesis and osteolysis but also the coupling between bones, blood vessels, and nerves. , The blood vessels distributed in the bone tissue deliver necessary nutrients and oxygen for the vital activity of bone cells while removing metabolic waste products, which are essential for bone remodeling. , It is well known that nerves also play a vital role in bone healing . A large number of nerves are dispersed throughout the bone tissue to maintain its normal physiological function .…”

Exploring Multifunctional Response of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2–K0.5Na0.5NbO3 Ceramic Composite for Biomedical Applications

“…14 There have also been several reports citing the development of scaffolds with controlled porosity and excellent biomechanical properties that serve as the platform for the growth of bone cells and tissue. 15,16 The scaffolds demonstrate improved osteoconductivity and cell adherence and the standard practice demands their fabrication using the advanced 3D printing technology. 17 This report focuses on developing ceramic composites by mixing KNN and HAP at an appropriate atomic percentage.…”

“…The stimulation was shown to control a wide range of cell behaviors like cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation that are crucial to the healing and regeneration of tissues . There have also been several reports citing the development of scaffolds with controlled porosity and excellent biomechanical properties that serve as the platform for the growth of bone cells and tissue. , The scaffolds demonstrate improved osteoconductivity and cell adherence and the standard practice demands their fabrication using the advanced 3D printing technology …”