A Biological Method of Assay of the Adrenal Cortical Hormone.

Harrop, George A.; Pfiffner, J. J.; Weinstein, A.; Swingle, W. W.

doi:10.3181/00379727-29-5924

Cited by 17 publications

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“…The second method which has been used in assaying adrenal cortical extracts is based on determining the non-protein nitrogen of the blood of the adrenalectomized dog, as suggested by Harrop, Swingle, and their collaborators. 264 Adult dogs adrenalectomized in two stages are given a dose of hormone which maintains the non-protein nitrogen at its normal level.…”

Section: Methods Based On the Non-protein Nitrogen Level Of The Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The adrenals, by Arthur Grollman.

Grollman¹

1936

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in man and in certain animals as composed in early life of three distinct physiological entities-the medulla, the cortex, and the androgenic tissue. The last named term has been coined to describe that portion of the adrenal which, in certain pathological conditions, gives rise to disorders of the reproductive system. This view of the tripartite nature of the adrenal is supported by many well-established facts. It affords a rational explanation of the relation of the adrenals to certain pathological conditions of the reproductive system and avoids assuming a relation between the cortex proper and the sex glands as previous writers have unjustifiably done.Many of the views expressed in the present volume are based on the results of experimental studies in which my colleagues, to whom I am deeply indebted, have collaborated. Dr. Warfield M. Firor has performed surgical operations and enthusiastically cooperated in these researches; Dr. Evelyn Howard is jointly responsible for the studies dealing with the relation of the adrenals to the reproductive system; and Mr. Ellis Grollman has aided in the preparation of the adrenal extracts.I wish also to express my sincere appreciation to the publishers for their cooperation and unfailing courtesies.A. G. Baltimore, Maryland. * Superior figures refer to the numbered entries of the bibliography. For the literature before 1850, the reader is referred to the excellent historical reviews of Biedl 66 and Shumacker. 6661' 1 ANATOMY early state of differentiation is in reality due to the presence of epinephrine is demonstrated by the inhibition of intestinal movements by extracts of this tissue. 317 • 669 ACCESSORY ADRENAL BODIES The tissues of the adrenals are not confined to that which occurs in the main glands. As we have already seen, the medullary tissue is only one part of a widely distributed chromaphil system. The cortical tissue is also composed of several masses of glandular tissue located at a considerable distance from the main gland. Previous writers have considered all of this tissue, because of a similarity in its gross histological appearance, as being functionally part of the same tissue.This view, however, is not supported by physiological or pathological findings and we shall, therefore, classify the cortical (or interrenal tissue) into two groups: 1) the true cortical tissue and 2) the androgenic tissue. The cortical tissue proper elaborates a hormone essential for life. It forms the outer layers of the adrenal gland and occurs at times as accessory adrenal bodies in the near vicinity of the adrenal.A second part of the cortical tissue, resembling the first histologically in many respects, occurs as the internal layer of the cortex in certain animals during the early period of development, but soon disappears (except under some pathological conditions).This tissue also appears in the form of temporary accessory bodies which are widely distributed. The second type of cortical tissue shall be designated as the androgenic tissue because of its masculinizing effect...

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Section: Methods Based On the Non-protein Nitrogen Level Of The Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent writers have amply confirmed these results. 264,404,630,693,704 The rise in the non-protein-nitrogen of the blood is one of the earliest manifestations of adrenal insufficiency and is evident before many of the other characteristics of adrenal insufficiency such as weakness, anorexia, etc. become prominent.…”

Section: Non-protein Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adrenals, by Arthur Grollman.

Grollman¹

1936

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“…The doses used were very large compared with those needed to maintain adrenalec¬ tomized dogs. Thus Harrop, Pfiffner, Weinstein & Swingle [1932] defined a dog unit as the minimum daily dose needed to keep normal physiological conditions in an adrenalectomized dog. The whole cortical extract we used ('Eschatin', Parke-Davis) was standardized by the method of the above authors and we used up to 250 dog units in 5 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Complete Adrenalectomy on the Wallaby (Setonyx Brachyurus)

Buttle¹,

Kirk²,

Waring³

1952

J Endocrinol

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Data are presented on the survival time of the wallaby, Setonyx brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard), subjected to double adrenalectomy in a two-stage operation. Animals maintained on a normal diet after the second operation had a mean survival time of 36 hr. Treatment with 1% saline, injections of whole cortical extract, and of deoxycorticosterone acetate increased the mean survival time to 91, 83 and 108 hr. respectively, but did not maintain life indefinitely.The typical symptoms following the removal of the second adrenal were increasing anorexia, muscular weakness and eventual collapse, with convulsive seizures during the collapsed state in some cases.Determinations of plasma sodium and potassium values showed a marked decline in plasma sodium, and a rapid rise in plasma potassium during the terminal stages. Blood glucose generally fell to low levels, while chloride fell sharply in some cases and tended to rise and then fall again in others.These results are compared with the findings reported on the American opossum, Didelphis virginiana.Several workers during the last 20 years have reported that the completely adrenalec¬ tomized opossum, Didelphis virginiana, can be maintained normally for relatively long periods of time if not subjected to stress. Hartman & Brownell [1949] have recently reviewed the evidence bearing on this problem. Britton [1931] showed that opossums operated on during the autumn survived for periods appreciably longer than does the cat, while Silvette & Britton [1936] found no change in the level of plasma sodium and chloride in the adrenalectomized opossum under ordinary con¬ ditions. Hartman, Smith & Lewis [1943] showed that even non-hibernating opos¬ sums would survive adrenalectomy for long periods provided they are not subjected to stress.Hartman and his colleagues used animals adrenalectomized by a two-stage opera¬ tion and maintained for 3 days after the second operation on whole cortical extract. All but one of thirteen animals survived longer than a month, two animals survived for more than a year. Post-mortem examination revealed no traces of regenerating adrenal tissue. Plasma sodium, chloride and potassium and blood sugar levels were not markedly different from those in normal animals until just before death. Hartman concludes that the adrenal is less important in the body economy of the opossum than in other animals.The possibility is thus presented that all marsupials might, in common with Didelphis, be relatively less dependent on their adrenals than eutherian mammals. This is an hypothesis of considerable interest in relation both to the comparative structure of the adrenal in these forms, and also to the problem of the possible phyletic development of the marsupial stock.We have therefore tested the effects of adrenalectomy on the Rottnest wallaby,

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“…If only for that reason a small experimental animal like the rat would seem to be more suitable, as was, indeed, admitted by Harrop, Pfiffner, Weinstein and Swingle in 1932. They mentioned a study by Kutz [1931] in which he recommended the use of the life-extending effect in young rats, and having found that none of them survived the operation for as much as 10 days, defined a rat unit as the amount of hormone which, injected daily, kept 50 p.c. alive for 20 days.…”

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On the biological assay of the cortical hormone by the survival method, in adrenalectomized young rats, and on the influence of the salt content of the hormone extract

Schultzer¹

1936

The Journal of Physiology

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FOR the biological assay of the cortical hormone methods have been devised which are based on the ability of this hormone to counteract the symptoms resulting from bilateral adrenalectomy. The first investigators used its life-extending properties as a criterion of its effect, death in the course of a few days being the inevitable result of bilateral adrenalectomy. With our present knowledge of the relation between the hormone and sodium metabolism, the sodium chloride effect must be excluded before the whole of a life-extending effect can be ascribed to the hormone.Several methods have been proposed for the assay of the cortical hormone, based on the assumption that it will do away with other symptoms of cortical adrenal insufficiency. The growth of young rats after adrenalectomy has been used by Grollman and Firor [1933] in experiments that were, however, inconclusive. Similarly others have used the lowered resistance to various poisons and toxins; morphia has been suggested by de Meio and Lewis [1932], typhoid vaccine by Perla and Marmorston-Gottesman [1931a], and later histamine [1931 b]. The lowering of functions as a result of adrenalectomy has also been employed; the greater tendency of rats' muscles to tire [Everse and de Fremery, 1933] and their defective temperature regulation [Widstr6m, 1935].The method which has probably been most elaborated is, however, the method described by Pfiffner, Swingle and Vars [1934]. These investigators determined the smallest maintaining dose for adrenalectomized dogs. It was required that the blood urea of the animals should

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A Biological Method of Assay of the Adrenal Cortical Hormone.

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

The adrenals, by Arthur Grollman.

The adrenals, by Arthur Grollman.

The Effect of Complete Adrenalectomy on the Wallaby (Setonyx Brachyurus)

On the biological assay of the cortical hormone by the survival method, in adrenalectomized young rats, and on the influence of the salt content of the hormone extract

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