A bioinspired, self-powered, flytrap-based sensor and actuator enabled by voltage triggered hydrogel electrodes

Triboelectric Nanogenerator‐Enabled Digital Twins in Civil Engineering Infrastructure 4.0: A Comprehensive Review

“…These endeavors encompass several technologies, including thermoelectric technology, [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] magnetic coupling, [ 28 , 29 , 30 ] piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG), [ 31 , 32 , 33 ] and TENG. [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ] Due to the instability of thermoelectric technology, [ 38 ] the size of magnetic coupling [ 39 ] and the small signal of PENG, [ 40 ] TENG emerges as a highly auspicious novel technology employed in the realm of digital twins inside the domain of civil engineering infrastructure 4.0. TENG based on the principles of triboelectricity and electrostatic induction was first invented by Prof. Wang in 2012.…”

Multi-stimulus Response Behavior of Biomimetic Autocrine Waxy Materials for Potential Self-Constructing Surface Microstructures

“…It is easy to see that many properties of terrestrial plants rely on their epidermal wax layer. 1,2 First, the waxy layer of the plant epidermis is an important interface to realize the communication between its internal environment and external ecological environment. 3,4 As the outermost barrier of plants, it plays an important role in coping with external environmental changes, especially with external abiotic and biotic threats.…”

“…From an evolutionary point of view, it is the aquatic plants that have evolved a special epidermal structure adapted to the terrestrial environment as a way to transform into land plants. It is easy to see that many properties of terrestrial plants rely on their epidermal wax layer. , First, the waxy layer of the plant epidermis is an important interface to realize the communication between its internal environment and external ecological environment. , As the outermost barrier of plants, it plays an important role in coping with external environmental changes, especially with external abiotic and biotic threats . For example, epidermal waxes can inhibit water loss from plant surfaces, , protect plants from pathogenic bacteria , and harmful light exposure, reduce the adhesion of dust and spores, prevent sludge contamination, and keep vegetation surfaces clean. , In addition, the unique regenerative properties of the waxy layer endow terrestrial plant leaves with self-healing abilities.…”

High-Performance Electrochemical Actuator under an Ultralow Driving Voltage with a Mixed Electronic–Ionic Conductive Metal–Organic Framework

“…Soft robots with expanded adaptive capability to uncertain or extreme environments have shown great potential in portable, smart, and autonomous devices such as soft human–machine interaction, wearable devices, advanced surgical tools, and drug delivery. − As an essential component of soft robots, different types of actuators have been developed to convert the input energies into mechanical motions through the deformation under controlled stimulations such as light, electrical field, magnetic field, and heat. − Electrochemical actuators (EAs) with electrical stimulation generally composed of an ionic electrolyte membrane sandwiched between two flexible symmetric electrodes have attracted tremendous attention because of the low cost, lightweight, and ambient stability. − However, the relatively high driving voltages employed in the EAs substantially impose great restrictions on their applications in low-energy and human-friendly electronics such as soft human–machine interactions, wearable devices, advanced surgical tools, and drug delivery. Although some materials such as MoS 2 and graphdiyne have been introduced into EAs, − challenges remain in the fabrication of ultralow voltage-driven EAs, highlighting the urgent requirement of electrode materials with both high electronic and ionic conductivity to achieve fast electron transfer and ion transport.…”