“…With reference to computer science, cellular automata can be viewed as a parallel computer for parallel computing research [21][22][23][24]. In addition to the successful application of lattice gas cellular automata in fluid mechanics, the cellular automaton is also applied to the simulation of fields such as magnetic fields [25] and electric fields [26], as well as the simulation of thermal diffusion [27], heat conduction [28], and mechanical waves [29]. In environmental science, cellular automata were used to simulate the simulation of oil pollution after oil spills [30], wastewater around a factory [31], and diffusion of exhaust gases [32].…”
The cellular automata algorithm is one of the most important developments recently and is becoming an area of great potential in scheduling problems. There has been an increase in the quality and quantity of publications related to this topic. To formally illustrate the research status of the cellular automata algorithm at the global level, bibliometric analysis was used based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and 3086 documents were retrieved from different countries and regions. Institutions, journals, authors, research areas, author keywords, and highly cited articles are discussed in detail. The results show that the USA and China are the dominant countries in this field. The USA is the most active country cooperating with other 47 countries or regions, especially with China. The Journal of Cellular Automata is the most productive journal in this field, and the Democritus University of Thrace is the most productive institution also with the highest h-index. “Computer Science” is the most investigated area, with 544 documents involved. In addition, the major topics focused by author keywords are “genetic algorithm,” “swarm intelligence,” and “evolutionary computation.” In addition, the cellular automata algorithm is viewed as a new and effective method to solve the scheduling problems in manufacturing system; meanwhile, historical developments of the application of cellular automata in scheduling are displayed and analyzed.
“…With reference to computer science, cellular automata can be viewed as a parallel computer for parallel computing research [21][22][23][24]. In addition to the successful application of lattice gas cellular automata in fluid mechanics, the cellular automaton is also applied to the simulation of fields such as magnetic fields [25] and electric fields [26], as well as the simulation of thermal diffusion [27], heat conduction [28], and mechanical waves [29]. In environmental science, cellular automata were used to simulate the simulation of oil pollution after oil spills [30], wastewater around a factory [31], and diffusion of exhaust gases [32].…”
The cellular automata algorithm is one of the most important developments recently and is becoming an area of great potential in scheduling problems. There has been an increase in the quality and quantity of publications related to this topic. To formally illustrate the research status of the cellular automata algorithm at the global level, bibliometric analysis was used based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and 3086 documents were retrieved from different countries and regions. Institutions, journals, authors, research areas, author keywords, and highly cited articles are discussed in detail. The results show that the USA and China are the dominant countries in this field. The USA is the most active country cooperating with other 47 countries or regions, especially with China. The Journal of Cellular Automata is the most productive journal in this field, and the Democritus University of Thrace is the most productive institution also with the highest h-index. “Computer Science” is the most investigated area, with 544 documents involved. In addition, the major topics focused by author keywords are “genetic algorithm,” “swarm intelligence,” and “evolutionary computation.” In addition, the cellular automata algorithm is viewed as a new and effective method to solve the scheduling problems in manufacturing system; meanwhile, historical developments of the application of cellular automata in scheduling are displayed and analyzed.
“…The VSM is a simple and efficient traditional procedure for solving the 2-D Navier- The LBM is computationally efficient relative to traditional methods when solving time marching problems, provided the time step size is similar for both [2]. For this reason, LBM has been implemented to model a number of complex flows including biofluid dynamics and fluid flow induced by surface tension gradients [3,4]. An earlier study performed by the authors found the cache-optimized LBM to be approximately eight times faster than traditional methods [2] when solving an unsteady convectiondiffusion equation.…”
The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and traditional finite difference methods have separate strengths when solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The LBM is an explicit method with a highly local computational nature that uses floatingpoint operations that involve only local data and thereby enables easy cache optimization and parallelization. However, because the LBM is an explicit method, smaller grid spacing requires smaller numerical time steps during both transient and steady state computations. Traditional implicit finite difference methods can take larger time steps as they are not limited by the CFL condition, but only by the need for time accuracy during transient computations. To take advantage of the strengths of both methods, a multiple solver, multiple grid block approach was implemented and validated for the 2-D Burgers' equation in Part I of this work. Part II implements the multiple solver, multiple grid block approach for the 2-D backward step flow problem. The coupled LBM-VSM solver is found to be faster by a factor of 2.90 (2.87 and 2.93 for Re = 150 and Re = 500, respectively) on a single processor than the VSM for the 2-D backward step flow problem while maintaining similar accuracy. c
SUMMARYThis paper reports the application of two commercial codes to the study of distinct cardiovascular problems: dynamics of a mechanical heart valve prosthesis and function of a native venous valve. The choice of code is driven by the characteristics of the problem. The ANSYS-CFX implicit finite volume code is employed for the mechanical valve where the solution is dominated by the interaction between the local fluid domain and the rigid valve leaflets. The LS-DYNA explicit dynamics code is used due to the stability of this approach when applied to systems with very flexible structural components such as the leaflets of a venous valve. The mechanical valve dynamics remain consistent for a range of mesh densities and residual criteria but begin to vary once the solution time step is increased above 2E-4 s. Venous valve function after application of a gravitational body load is shown to be dependent on parent vessel elastic modulus, E. The venous valve initially closes to a greater extent with a 'softer' parent vessel. Both approaches show promise for further study of these biomedical systems including the cavitation and thrombotic potential of mechanical valves and the local residence of blood constituents in the region of venous valve sinuses.
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