A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

Wei, Peng; Xu, Yu-xuan; Nie, Shibin; Yang, Wei

doi:10.1039/d1ra05709j

Cited by 29 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In the gas phase, the HPO• and PO• radicals generated during the decomposition of CuPPA-DOPO interrupt the chain reaction [ 53 ]. Meanwhile, the non-flammable gases dilute the combustible gases on the surface of EP composites, which is conducive to retarding flame spread [ 54 , 55 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Phenyl Copper Phosphate-Bridged Reactive Phosphaphenanthrene to Intensify Fire Safety of Epoxy Resins

Chai

Li²,

Wan³

et al. 2023

Molecules

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To improve the compatibility between flame retardant and epoxy resin (EP) matrix, amino phenyl copper phosphate-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxygen-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (CuPPA-DOPO) is synthesized through surface grafting, which is blended with EP matrix to prepare EP/CuPPA-DOPO composites. The amorphous structure of CuPPA-DOPO is characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that the agglomeration of hybrids is improved, resisting the intense intermolecular attractions on account of the acting force between CuPPA and DOPO. The results of thermal analysis show that CuPPA-DOPO can promote the premature decomposition of EP and increase the residual amount of EP composites. It is worth mentioning that EP/6 wt% CuPPA-DOPO composites reach UL-94 V-1 level and limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.6%. Meanwhile, their peak heat release rate (PHRR), peak smoke production release (PSPR) and CO2 production (CO2P) are decreased by 52.5%, 26.1% and 41.4%, respectively, compared with those of EP. The inhibition effect of CuPPA-DOPO on the combustion of EP may be due to the release of phosphorus and ammonia free radicals, as well as the catalytic charring ability of metal oxides and phosphorus phases.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Phenyl Copper Phosphate-Bridged Reactive Phosphaphenanthrene to Intensify Fire Safety of Epoxy Resins

Chai

Li²,

Wan³

et al. 2023

Molecules

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“…Compared with other literature (Figure 5c), EP/PPSA-5.0 has a high LOI value of 31.2% with a UL-94 V-0 rating, which shows excellent flame retardant effect. [53][54][55][56][57] All these results indicate that the superior flame retardancy of PPSA in modifying flammable EP.…”

Section: Thermomechanical Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability

Chen

Zheng

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Aimed at promoting the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) and widening its applications, a novel flame retardant, poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne) (PPSA), is synthesized from poly(silicon‐alkyne) and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phenanthroline‐10‐oxide (DOPO) to modify EP. The structure of PPSA is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The PPSA introduction into EP significantly improves its chemical and physical properties. When containing 2.5–10 phr of PPSA, the modified EP achieve better flame resistance capability than neat EP. In particular, EP/PPSA‐5.0 reaches a limiting oxygen index value of 31.2% and passes vertical burning test (UL‐94) V‐0 rating at the same time. The total heat release and total smoke production are lowered by 31.1% and 24.9%, respectively. In addition, the initial decomposition temperature (T5%) of the modified EP is basically unchanged thanks to good stability of PPSA. Characterization of char residues generated in the combustion of EP/PPSA reveals that PPSA protects the EP from fire by diluting flammable gas with phosphorus free radicals and forming compact thermal stable layer containing silicon and phosphorus. Subsequently, measurements of mechanical properties show that impact strength and flexural strength are markedly improved by PPSA incorporation. Therefore, PPSA modifies EP to obtain excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties, justifying an outstanding flame retardant with comprehensive properties.

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“…The original flame retardants contained halogens, and even though they had good resistance to combustion, toxic hydrogen halides or organic halides, released during their combustion, were dangerous . Currently, phosphorus-containing compounds are considered one of the most promising halogen-free flame retardants owing to their structural diversity and good flame retardancy. , As the most popular phosphorus-containing molecule, − various 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives are made using DOPO, which possesses active P–H bonds in its structure. − However, at lower temperatures, phosphorus-containing radicals will be released through early decomposition, thereby reducing the thermal stability of the polymer matrix; , therefore, additional elements can be introduced to strengthen the phosphorus elements to improve their efficiency as flame retardants. − Nitrogen-based flame retardants are prone to release noncombustible gases after thermal decomposition . These gases dilute the concentration of oxygen in the air and flammable gases produced by the thermal decomposition of polymers , as well as react with oxygen in the air to produce nitrogen, water, and deep oxides to exhibit good flame-retardant effect while consuming the oxygen on the surface of materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

P/N Flame Retardant Based on a Pyrimidine Ring for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Mechanical Properties, and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resin

Mao

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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A P/N flame-retardant TBD based on a pyrimidine ring was devised and developed by reacting 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, benzaldehyde, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide to create a less toxic, low-smoke, and mechanically improved the flame-retardant epoxy resin (EP). The EP modified using TBD exhibited good transparency, which was attributed to the outstanding compatibility of TBD with the EP. With a phosphorus content of only 0.65%, EP/TBD10 passed the V-0 rating of the UL-94 test, and the limited oxygen index increased from 27.1% (pure EP) to 38.1%. In the cone calorimetry test (CCT), the peak heat release rate and the total heat release decreased by 34.9 and 45.7%, respectively, compared to pure EP. In addition, the modified cured EP exhibited good mechanical properties owing to the action of rigid groups and the formation of hydrogen bonds, and the tensile strength and modulus as well as the flexural strength and modulus of the samples were improved. In the smoke density test, EP/TBD20 received the ratings of HL1 and HL2 in D s(4) and VOF4, respectively, according to EN45545-2. All results indicate that TBD is an efficient flame retardant that can enhance the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the curing EP and reduce its smoke density, making it suitable for use in the rail transportation industry.

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A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

Abstract: Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.

Cited by 29 publications

References 46 publications

Amino Phenyl Copper Phosphate-Bridged Reactive Phosphaphenanthrene to Intensify Fire Safety of Epoxy Resins

Amino Phenyl Copper Phosphate-Bridged Reactive Phosphaphenanthrene to Intensify Fire Safety of Epoxy Resins

Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability

P/N Flame Retardant Based on a Pyrimidine Ring for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Mechanical Properties, and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resin

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