A binder‐free composite of graphite and kaolinite as a stable working electrode for general electrochemical applications

Abstract

Composite electrodes are essential to overcome dynamic challenges related to electrodes made of polymeric binders. Herein, this work reports a composite electrode consisting of graphite and kaolinite (GKCE) as a potential alternative for commercial electrodes. The GKCE series exhibits exponential decay in resistivity parallel to the linear increase in mechanical strength depending on the relative strength of the unique lamella‐like graphite structure when going from low to high graphite percentage. GKCE with 80% graphite employed as the model working electrode for analyte detection and electropolymerization. GKCE can produce a typical voltammogram response with a narrow potential range and highest sensitivity (1.2 A m/mol) towards the analyte (Fe2+/Fe3+) compared to commercial working electrodes. Electropolymerization with GKCE leads to a polyaniline network consisting of nanofibers with the lowest charge transfer resistance of 403 Ω. GKCE is a potential low‐cost electrode for general electrochemical applications in comparison with expensive commercial working electrodes.

Low-cost heterogeneous composite photocatalyst consisting of TiO2, kaolinite and MMT with improved mechanical strength and photocatalytic activity for industrial wastewater treatment

“…Mechanical compression is used to fabricate TKMCP, resulting in a highly compressed clay matrix embedded with TiO2 particles (Figure 8). The authors of the current study previously reported the formation of tiny clay particles during the fabrication of graphite-clay composite electrodes using a similar technique [27][28][29] . However, even with the same fabrication technique, the outcomes of the current study are significantly different, resulting in clay sheets rather than tiny particles.…”

Low-cost ternary composite photocatalysts consisting of TiO2, kaolinite and cement for an efficient organic waste decontamination in water

“…Furthermore, having a readily available photocatalyst that can be easily synthesized on a large scale is more important. The authors of the present study recently developed a novel composite preparation method based on mechanical compression and heat treatment, resulting in a stable binder-free graphite and clay composite electrode [21][22][23][24][25]. Following a similar technique, authors recently developed efficient binary photocatalysts that are composed of raw materials, including TiO2 and clay (kaolinite/MMT), resulting in improved photocatalytic activity and mechanical strength [26,27].…”

Alkaline Hematin-Based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Haemoglobin

“…The electrochemical activity of these synthesized electrodes has been explored and established. [34][35][36] This work reports the electrochemical sensing of Hb on graphitekaolin clay composite (GK) modified SPCE (GK/SPCE) in an alkaline medium. The sensing was based on the one-step conversion of Hb to alkaline hematin without using any toxic reagents, followed z E-mail: tg_satheesh@cb.amrita.edu; pv_suneesh@cb.amrita.edu by its electrooxidation on the modified electrode.…”