A bifunctional MXene-modified scaffold for photothermal therapy and maxillofacial tissue regeneration

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignant tumours in the oral and maxillofacial regions and is highly malignant and prone to recur despite the development of various effective treatments, including surgery and chemoradiotherapy. Actually, it is difficult to ensure the complete elimination of tumour cells, and maxillofacial bone defects caused by surgery are hard to heal by themselves. In addition, chemoradiotherapy can bring serious side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a postoperative therapy to kill residual squamous cancer cells and repair bone defects without any side effects. Here, we prepared a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold by a 3D printing technique and freeze-drying method, which contained collagen, silk and hydroxyapatite (CSH) and was functionalized with MXene nanosheets (M-CSH). The considerable photothermal effect with long-term stability can significantly kill squamous CAL-27 cancer cells in vitro and inhibit tumour growth in vivo, increasing the probability of the M-CSH scaffold being applied in the photothermal therapy of OSCC. Moreover, the cell proliferation- and osteogenic-related protein expression of mouse embryonic osteogenic precursors (MC3T3-E1) indicated excellent biocompatibility and osteogenic activity of M-CSH scaffolds. The good compression modulus (52.83 ± 2.25 kPa) and in vivo bone formation performance made it possible to be used as reconstructive materials for bone defects. This scaffold is likely promising in future tissue engineering, especially for the multifunctional treatment of maxillofacial tumours.

3D printed scaffold for repairing bone defects in apical periodontitis

“…In previous studies, New Zealand white rabbits were used to establish infected condyle defect model by creating a cylinder-shaped bony defect (6 mm × 4 mm) perpendicular to the femoral shaft to verify the HACC-grafted PLGA/HA scaffolds with significantly enhanced anti-infection and bone regeneration efficacy [ 30 ]. Li et al reported a bifunctional M-CSH scaffold by building a round critical bone defect with a diameter of 6 mm at the mandibular body [ 28 ]. In this study, in order to adapt the bone defect model to the square 3D printed scaffold, we modified the construction method.…”

“…The MC3T3-E1 cell was selected to study the cytotoxicity and biological compatibability of the scaffold [ 28 ]. The KSL-W@PLGA/COL/SF/nHA scaffold was gently placed on 24-well plates, and the MC3T3-E1 cell was seeded onto it at a density of 2 × 10 4 /mL and cultured for 3 days, 5 days, 7 days and 10 days respectively, and then 50 μL cck-8 solution was added to each well of the 24-well plate and incubated for 4 h, and measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm wavelength.…”

“…Twenty-four skeletally mature female Japanese white rabbits (2.0–2.5 kg in weight) were used to establish an infected mandibular defect model representative of chronic periapical with bone destruction (n = 8 for each group) [ 28 , 30 ]. The specific experimental groups were as follows (Additional file 1 : Fig.…”

“…The scaffold was printed by importing a model of standard tessellation language (STL) format, which was designed using the design software Solidworks 2010, into the 3D printer [25][26][27][28]. The printing parameters were shown in the Additional file 1: Table S2.…”

Advances of MXenes; Perspectives on Biomedical Research

“…[194] Ti 3 C 2 T x -CSH scaffold Maxillofacial tissue regeneration MXene-CSH scaffold stimulated the in vivo formation of maxillofacial bone, and induced the osteogenic protein expression of MC3T3-E1 in vitro. [195] Nb 2 C@Titanium plate Tissue regeneration…”