“…Bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks, which were first introduced by Kosto [15], can realize hetero-association. These neural networks have attracted a lot of attention of many researchers [2,4,3,5,6,11,12,16,17,19,18,23,24,26,27,[29][30][31] and found many important applications in pattern recognition, image processing, associative memory and optimization problems [14,22,20,25]. However, for the human brain associative memory, besides these basic functions, there are some other more complicated associative memory functions, such as many-to-many association, which associates a number of related events with one hit or several features.…”