A bibliography of low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM, Cryo‐SEM) and scanning electron microscopy of frozen hydrated biological systems

Bastacky, J.; Wodley, C.; Labrie, R.; Backhus, C.

doi:10.1002/sca.4950090507

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…One elegant way to do this is freeze-fracture SEM, (often also called cryo-SEM), where the film is frozen in a cryogen such as liquid nitrogen, fractured, and then imaged on a cold stage. This technique has been extensively used in biology [163]. For drying colloidal films the major advantage is easy control over the drying time allowed, before the sample is frozen, and the direct observation of the particle arrangement.…”

Section: Optical Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying of thin colloidal films

2013

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When thin films of colloidal fluids are dried, a range of transitions are observed and the final film profile is found to depend on the processes that occur during the drying step. This article describes the drying process, initially concentrating on the various transitions. Particles are seen to initially consolidate at the edge of a drying droplet, the so-called coffee-ring effect. Flow is seen to be from the centre of the drop towards the edge and a front of close-packed particles passes horizontally across the film. Just behind the particle front the now solid film often displays cracks and finally the film is observed to de-wet. These various transitions are explained, with particular reference to the capillary pressure which forms in the solidified region of the film. The reasons for cracking in thin films is explored as well as various methods to minimize its effect. Methods to obtain stratified coatings through a single application are considered for a one-dimensional drying problem and this is then extended to two-dimensional films. Different evaporative models are described, including the physical reason for enhanced evaporation at the edge of droplets. The various scenarios when evaporation is found to be uniform across a drying film are then explained. Finally different experimental techniques for examining the drying step are mentioned and the article ends with suggested areas that warrant further study.

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Section: Optical Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying of thin colloidal films

2013

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“…Surprisingly, freeze-fracture (transmission) electron microscopy (Chapman & Staehelin, 1986) of Hartig net structures has not been described, probably because of the difficulties in the preparation of platinum-carbon replicas of plant material (Robards & Parish, 1971;Platt-Aloia & Thomson, 1982). With low temperature scanning electron microscopy, direct observation of frozen, fully hydrated or partially freeze-dried biological samples is possible and the technical problems with replica preparation are avoided (Beckett & Read, 1986;Sargent, 1986;1988;Bastacky et al 1987Bastacky et al , 1988. With the dedicated SCU 020 cryo system (Muller et aL, 1991) it is possible repeatedly to fracture, etch and sputter coat a given specimen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze‐fracturing for low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies–Hebeloma crustuliniforme and –Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas ^*

Scheidegger

Brunner

1993

New Phytologist

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Rapidly frozen ectomycorrhizal roots were freeze-fractured under high vacuum in a dedicated cryo-preparation unit and investigated in the frozen, partially freeze-dried, or fully hydrated state. Tangential, radial and occasional transverse surface views of Hartig net were obtained after freeze-fracturing. Protoplasmic and exoplasmic fracture faces of the fungal plasmalemma and occasional fractures hetween the fungal cell wall and the extracellular matrix were seen. Primary pit-fields with plasmodesmata occurred in non-ectomycorrhizal parts of the root as well as in small gaps of Hartig net. Septa with dolipores were observed in the finger-like complexes of the Hartig net.

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“…Different aspects of LTSEM have been reviewed previously (Echlin, 1978;Wilson & Robards, 1984;Robards & Sleytr, 1985;Beckett & Read, 1986;Bastacky et al, 1987bBastacky et al, , 1988Marshall, 1987;Sargent, 1988a,b;Read, 1990). This paper reviews LTSEM in relation to preparation protocols, specimen preservation, experimental approaches and high-resolution studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy in biology

Read

Jeffree

1991

Journal of Microscopy

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SUMMARY A review of low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) with regard to preparation protocols, specimen preservation, experimental approaches, and high‐resolution studies, is provided. Preparative procedures are described and recent developments in methodologies highlighted. It is now well established that LTSEM, for most biological specimens, provides superior specimen preservation than does ambient‐temperature SEM. This is because frozen‐hydrated samples retain most or all of their water, are rapidly immobilized and stabilized by cryofixation, and are not exposed to chemical modification or solvent extraction. Nevertheless, artefacts in LTSEM are common and most arise because frozen‐hydrated specimens contain water. LTSEM can be used as a powerful experimental tool. Advantages of employing LTSEM for this purpose and ways in which it can be used for novel experimentation are discussed. The most exciting development in recent years has been high‐resolution LTSEM. The advantages, problems and requirements for this approach are defined.

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A bibliography of low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM, Cryo‐SEM) and scanning electron microscopy of frozen hydrated biological systems

Cited by 9 publications

References 126 publications

Drying of thin colloidal films

Drying of thin colloidal films

Freeze‐fracturing for low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies–Hebeloma crustuliniforme and –Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas ^*

Low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy in biology

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A bibliography of low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM, Cryo‐SEM) and scanning electron microscopy of frozen hydrated biological systems

Cited by 9 publications

References 126 publications

Drying of thin colloidal films

Drying of thin colloidal films

Freeze‐fracturing for low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies–Hebeloma crustuliniforme and –Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas *

Low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy in biology

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Freeze‐fracturing for low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies–Hebeloma crustuliniforme and –Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas ^*