A Bibliographical Survey of the Bleaching of Paper

Liénardy, Anne; Damme, Philippe Van

doi:10.1515/rest.1988.9.4.178

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A number of oxidizing bleaches have been considered in the past for conservation work. These include chlorine dioxide, calcium and sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chloramine-T, potassium permanganate, sodium perborate, ozone, sodium chlorite, and light (natural or artificial) (53)(54)(55)(56). Only those oxidizing bleaches that are in common use today will be discussed-namely, hydrogen peroxide, alkaline hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, and light.…”

Section: Oxidizing Bleachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypochlorite bleach solutions made from either NaOCl or Ca(OCl) 2 are used mainly as a last resort for heavily stained artifacts. While hypochlorite bleaching can be very effective in removing difficult stains including mold stains and foxing, degradation of cellulose during hypochlorite bleaching has been reported (51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56). The reaction between cellulose and hypochlorite involves oxidation of the hydroxyl groups on the anhydroglucose units to produce aldehyde, ketone, or carboxyl groups and scission of the 1,4-β-glycosidic linkages of the cellulose chain (16,53).…”

Section: Oxidizing Bleachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While hypochlorite bleaching can be very effective in removing difficult stains including mold stains and foxing, degradation of cellulose during hypochlorite bleaching has been reported (51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56). The reaction between cellulose and hypochlorite involves oxidation of the hydroxyl groups on the anhydroglucose units to produce aldehyde, ketone, or carboxyl groups and scission of the 1,4-β-glycosidic linkages of the cellulose chain (16,53). To keep damage to the cellulose fibers at a minimum, the hypochlorite concentration should not be higher that 0.5% and the bleaching time should not extend beyond 5 minutes (51).…”

Section: Oxidizing Bleachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information on the working procedures and experimental details of conservation bleaching is available (16,(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56). This paper will concentrate on the chemistry involved in bleaching.…”

Section: Introduction To Chemical Bleachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Chemistry of Paper Preservation: Part 2. The Yellowing of Paper and Conservation Bleaching

Carter

1996

J. Chem. Educ.

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Yellowing is often viewed as one of the early signs of the aging and deterioration of paper. Depending on the nature of the paper and conditions of storage, the yellow may eventually turn to brown and the paper may become brittle as it reaches the later stages of aging. This discoloration on aging can be attributed to the presence of chromophores found in some of the products formed from the degradation of one or more components of paper (1, 2). While there does not seem to be a correlation between discoloration and loss of mechanical strength (3-7), the yellow color in paper is considered an undesirable characteristic.With the development of new and improved mechanical pulps (8), there has been renewed interest from the pulp and paper industry in the photochemical reactions that accompany the yellowing of paper, particularly in lignin-rich papers such as newsprint. Research has centered around identifying the chromophores that are formed, the reaction mechanisms that cause the lightinduced yellowing of paper, and the possible use of chemical reagents to inhibit these mechanisms (9-15).Paper conservators are also interested in the nature of the discoloration of paper, not only from the aesthetic view that the appearance of the paper can be enhanced, but also from the conservation view that the paper might be stabilized. An understanding of the types of chromophores responsible for yellowing can assist the conservator in making intelligent choices regarding the use of bleaching methods in the treatment of old papers and artifacts. Many bleaching methods are now available and, in fact, conservation bleaching has become an important area of conservation research, second only to mass deacidification (16). This paper will discuss the causes of the yellowing of paper and then focus on the methods used in conservation bleaching.1. The primary chromophores of lignin absorb nearultraviolet light (300-400 nm).

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Section: Oxidizing Bleachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oxidizing Bleachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oxidizing Bleachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction To Chemical Bleachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Chemistry of Paper Preservation: Part 2. The Yellowing of Paper and Conservation Bleaching

Carter

1996

J. Chem. Educ.

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“…1 The following text tries to stress the purely chemical side of the relevant processes. It reports on the relevant experiences in the workshops of eastern Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%