A bi-DOPO type of flame retardancy epoxy prepolymer: Synthesis, properties and flame-retardant mechanism

Liu, Dongyue; Ji, Pengfei; Zhang, Tianlong; Lv, Jipeng; Cui, Yihua

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109629

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Even if we reignite the residual electrolyte, the SET value is 55 s g –1 , which is still smaller than that of RCE-5% TMP. The superior flame retardancy of DOPO over TMP can be attributed to the following points: − (1) The flash point of DOPO (206.4 ± 15.8 °C) is higher than that of TMP (83.7 ± 38.8 °C), leading to the weaken the ability of the electrolyte to generate combustion free radicals. (2) TMP exists in a liquid state with a boiling point of 197.2 °C, which is easily volatile and may be rapidly consumed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosolvent Engineered Phosphaphenanthrene-Based Self-Extinguishing Electrolyte for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lei

Zeng

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Battery-induced fire accidents are on the rise worldwide. The severity of battery fires has a significant correlation with the combustion characteristics of carbonate electrolytes, which is the main fuel of a battery. Here, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), an environmentally benign, smokeless, and highly efficient flame retardant, is introduced into a carbonate electrolyte for the first time to formulate a self-extinguishing electrolyte. It is shown that 5 wt % DOPO in the carbonate electrolyte is enough to achieve flame retardancy. Moreover, in the thermal runaway test, adding DOPO effectively delays the exothermic peak of graphite (Gr) and reduces the amount of heat. The cosolvent 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropylether (TTE) may act as a solvent shell to weaken the irreversible decomposition of DOPO on Gr at low potentials and improve the interface compatibility, enabling acceptable cycling performance of LiFePO 4 (LFP)−Li batteries with a 99.7% capacity retention after 65 cycles. The design strategy for electrolyte formulation provides a promising path to revisit obsolete flame retardants of the past, which gives insights into the development of nonflammable electrolytes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosolvent Engineered Phosphaphenanthrene-Based Self-Extinguishing Electrolyte for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lei

Zeng

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…Then 30.84 g of honokiol was added, N 2 was injected, and DHK was obtained after reaction at 160 °C for 24 h. The crude product was dissolved in ethanol, washed for three times with deionized water, and dried in a vacuum oven at 110 °C. DMG was prepared according to the previous work [ 20 ] and the synthetic method was similar to the preparation of DHK. The synthesis route of DHK and DMG are shown in Figure , one can see the structure difference between DHK and DMG.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14][15][16][17][18] The reactive types of flame retardant were embedded into the EP matrix through chemical bonds. [19][20][21][22][23][24] A flame retardant named ABD owning hydroxyl group was synthesized via addition reaction between acrolein and DOPO. [25] The 3% ABD modified EP exhibited flame retardancy with a limited oxygen index (LOI) of 36.2% and the (vertical burning test)UL-94 of V-0 rating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the Chemical Structure on the Flame Retardant Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Flame‐Retardant Epoxy Resin Thermosets

Liu

Zhao

Cui

et al. 2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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Two types of isomeric bi‐DOPO（9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenan threne‐10‐oxide） flame retardants named DHK（6,6’‐((4,6’‐dihydroxy‐[1,1’‐biphenyl]‐3,3’‐diyl)bis(propane‐3,1‐diyl))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinine 6‐oxide)） and DMG (6,6’‐((6,6’‐dihydroxy‐[1,1’‐biphenyl]‐3,3’‐diyl) bis (propane‐3,1‐diyl)) bis (dibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinine 6‐oxide)） are successfully prepared and their flame retardant properties are investigated. Although they have the same phosphorus content, the corresponding thermoset DHK/Epoxy resins (EP) and DMG/EP show different flame retardancy. The flame retardant mechanism is compared by thermal analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared (TG‐FTIR), residue FTIR, elemental analysis, Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cone calorimetry. More phosphorus remains in the residue of DHK/EP which suggests better‐condensed phase flame retardancy than that of DMG/EP. However, DMG shows a better flame inhibition effect than that of DHK. The results of mean square displacement, free volume fraction, and cohesive energy density in molecular dynamics simulations show that the weakening of the movement ability of the DMG/EP molecular segments should be the reason for the increase in toughness. This shows that although flame retardants possess the same composition, their structure will also affect their flame retardant mechanism and properties, which provide a guide for the design and preparation of high‐efficiency flame retardants.

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“…6,7 Researchers have investigated innovative halogen-free flame retardants to achieve environmentally friendly requirements, such as novel phosphorus-based flame retardants and nano-filled flame retardants. The tiny molecule phosphate ester accounts for the majority of phosphorus-based flame retardants, [8][9][10][11] ammonium polyphosphate (APP) class, [12][13][14] DOPO 11,15,16 class and inorganic phosphorus-based additive flame retardants. [17][18][19] Its application approach as an addition flame retardant is very brief and convenient, and it is simple to mix and spread.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of a multifunctional flame retardant epoxy resin containing phosphorus and nitrogen and study of its properties

Zhang

Pan

Chang

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A highly reactive intrinsic epoxy flame retardant FREP was successfully synthesized via ring‐opening reaction between DOPO and amino‐tetrafunctional epoxy resin (AG‐601), and the structure of the synthesized FREP was characterized by FTIR and MS. FREP was then introduced into the epoxy resin as an additive, aiming to improve fire safety. The flame‐retardant properties and thermal stabilities of epoxy thermosets were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL94) and cone calorimetry (CONE). The results indicated that EP/FREP‐4 thermoset passed UL94 V‐0 rating with a LOI value of 34.6%, where the phosphorus content was 1.5 wt%. When compared with neat EP, the peak heat release rate (pk‐HRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 63.1%, 42.6%, and 22.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the lower av‐EHC of EP/FREP thermosets indicated that FREP plays a significant role in gas‐phase flame retardancy. Additionally, DMA analysis showed that FREP improved the crosslinking density of EP, which had little effect on the glass transition temperature (Tg). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Py‐GC/MS analysis, and SEM were used to investigate the flame retardant mechanism. Excellent flame retardancy was attributed to phosphorus and nitrogen's synergistic effect in the gas and condensed phases.

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A bi-DOPO type of flame retardancy epoxy prepolymer: Synthesis, properties and flame-retardant mechanism

Cited by 45 publications

References 45 publications

Cosolvent Engineered Phosphaphenanthrene-Based Self-Extinguishing Electrolyte for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cosolvent Engineered Phosphaphenanthrene-Based Self-Extinguishing Electrolyte for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries

Influence of the Chemical Structure on the Flame Retardant Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Flame‐Retardant Epoxy Resin Thermosets

Preparation of a multifunctional flame retardant epoxy resin containing phosphorus and nitrogen and study of its properties

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