A Benefit Analysis of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping and Leasing Modes in China

Scheduling of EV Battery Swapping—Part I: Centralized Solution

“…Zheng et al in [24] studies the optimal design and planning of a battery swapping station in a distribution system to maximize its net present value taking into account life cycle cost of batteries, grid upgrades, reliability, operational costs and investment costs. Zhang et al [25] discusses several potential commercial modes of battery swapping and leasing service in China, and presents a benefit analysis from perspectives of utility companies and battery manufacturers.…”

Leasing Industry Based on Internet: A Study of the Bicycle-Sharing Program in China

“…Yanping and Xiaolan (2015) focused on China leasing development and suggested that Chinese leasing market had a huge potential and was stepping into its golden era [10]. Zhang and Rao (2016) discussed the electric vehicle market in China, including power companies, battery manufacturers and gasoline enterprises [11].…”

Holistic management of mobile energy storage resources in coupled power and transportation systems

“…Besides plug-in charging, to further facilitate the charging process of EVs and alleviate the range anxiety of the potential EV users, which are the main barriers against further EV purchases and deployments, the emerging battery leasing and battery swapping mode [10] is promising and have many attractive features, e.g., much shorter refuelling time (3-5 minutes) [65], lower vehicle cost [10], etc. This emerging business model has attracted attentions from many real-world entities Chapter 2.…”

“…This emerging business model has attracted attentions from many real-world entities Chapter 2. Literature Review [10], [11]. For example, in China, BAIC announced a plan to build 3,000 battery swapping stations (BSSs) nationwide by 2021, the Chinese EV startup NIO also plans to build over 1,000 BSSs, while over 95% of its EV users chose to lease the batteries [12], [13].…”

“…Besides plug-in charging, to further facilitate the charging process of EVs and alleviate the range anxiety of the potential EV users, which are the main barriers against further EV purchases and deployments, the emerging battery leasing and battery swapping mode are promising and have attracted attentions from many real-world entities [10], [11]. For example, in China, BAIC announced a plan to build 3,000 battery swapping stations (BSSs) nationwide by 2021, the Chinese EV startup NIO also plans to build over 1,000 BSSs, while over 95% of its EV users chose to lease the batteries [12], [13].…”