“…To measure uncertainty of a given system, several methods and entropies have been proposed, including χ entropy (Xiao, 2021b) for the complex-valued distribution, belief structure method (Cui et al, 2022) for physiological signals, betweenness structural entropy (Zhang and Li, 2022) and local structure entropy (Lei and Cheong, 2022b) for complex networks, an improved belief entropy (Chen and Deng, 2023b) and divergence method (Gao and Xiao, 2022;Lyu and Liu, 2024) for decision making, generalized weighted permutation entropy for biomes analysis (Stosic et al, 2022;Stosic and Stosic, 2024). Some methods, such as the Deng entropy (Deng, 2016), though have been subject to critique (Abellán, 2017;Moral-García and Abellán, 2020), continue to be widely used in many areas and theories, including multi-criteria decision-making (Xiao, 2020), information fusion (Xiao, 2021a(Xiao, , 2022a, pattern recognition (Kazemi et al, 2021), decisions prediction and evaluation (Lai and Cheong, 2022a), fractal dimension analysis (Qiang et al, 2022), information dimension analysis (Lei, 2022), and prior distribution (Li and Xiao, 2023).…”