A behavioral and electromyographic study of walking in the chick.

Jacobson, R D; Hollyday, Margaret

doi:10.1152/jn.1982.48.1.238

Cited by 105 publications

(102 citation statements)

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“…This importance of knee movement for the displacement of the body as a peculiarity of avian bipedalism has been recognized previously by other authors (Cracraft, 1971;Jacobson and Hollyday, 1982;Manion, 1984;Gatesy, 1990;Gatesy, 1999a;Gatesy, 1999b;Reilly, 2000;Verstappen et al, 2000;Rubenson et al, 2007;Hutchinson and Allen, 2009). However, the excursion of knee flexion and proper motion of the tibiotarsus does not increase beyond Fr0.08.…”

Section: Conserved Pattern Of Intralimb Coordination In Fore-aft Motisupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Although an almost static intertarsal joint during stance phase has been reported by Reilly (Reilly, 2000) in quail and by Jacobson and Hollyday (Jacobson and Hollyday, 1982) in hens, its motion during stance is significant in the species investigated here. Its small CSP points to a high degree of non-progressive joint excursions that indicate the importance of the intertarsal joint for telescoping movements (compliance) of the limb.…”

Section: Conserved Pattern Of Intralimb Coordination In Fore-aft Motimentioning

confidence: 45%

“…C. monedula). Currently, knowledge of intralimb coordination of avian terrestrial locomotion is restricted to guinea fowl (Gatesy, 1999a;Gatesy, 1999b), chicken (Jacobson and Hollyday, 1982;Manion, 1984;Muir et al, 1996), quail (Reilly, 2000;Abourachid et al, 2011), pigeon (Cracraft, 1971), magpie (Verstappen et al, 2000) and several Struthioniformes (e.g. Abourachid and Renous, 2000;Jindrich et al, 2007;Rubenson et al, 2007;Smith et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative intralimb coordination in avian bipedal locomotion

Stoessel

Fischer

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAnalyses of how intralimb coordination during locomotion varies within and across different taxa are necessary for understanding the morphological and neurological basis for locomotion in general. Previous findings suggest that intralimb proportions are the major source of kinematic variation that governs intralimb coordination across taxa. Also, independence of kinematics from habitat preference and phylogenetic position has been suggested for mammals. This leads to the hypothesis that among equally sized bird species exhibiting equal limb proportions, similar kinematics can be observed. To test this hypothesis, the bipedal locomotion of two distantly related ground-dwelling bird species (Eudromia elegans and Coturnix coturnix) and of a less terrestrial species (Corvus monedula) was investigated by means of a biplanar high-speed X-ray videographic analysis. Birds exhibited similar intralimb proportions and were filmed over a broad range of speed while moving on a treadmill. Joint and limb element angles, as well as pelvic rotations, were quantified. Regarding fore-aft motions of the limb joints and elements, a congruent pattern of intralimb coordination was observed among all experimental species. The sample of species suggests that this is largely independent of their habitat preference and systematic position and seems to be related to demands for coping with an irregular terrain with a minimum of necessary control. Hence, the initial hypothesis was confirmed. However, this congruence is not found when looking at medio-lateral limb motions and pelvic rotations, showing distinct differences between grounddwellers (e.g. largely restricted to a parasagittal plane) and C. monedula (e.g. increased mobility of the hip joint). Supplementary material available online at

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Section: Conserved Pattern Of Intralimb Coordination In Fore-aft Motisupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Conserved Pattern Of Intralimb Coordination In Fore-aft Motimentioning

confidence: 45%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative intralimb coordination in avian bipedal locomotion

Stoessel

Fischer

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The stick insect, mouse, and cat data differed markedly from the human and horse data, with the smaller animals having swing motor neuron activity that continued throughout swing and the larger ones having swing activity only at swing beginning. Swing motor neuron activity also continues throughout the entirety of swing in guineafowl (Gatesy, 1999), chick (Jacobson and Hollyday, 1982), and newt (Székely et al, 1969) legs and small (ankle) limb segments in humans (Prochazka et al, 1989;Halliday et al, 2003;Cappellini et al, 2006).…”

Section: Comparison Of C Morosus Data To Those From Other Animalsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Neural Control of Unloaded Leg Posture and of Leg Swing in Stick Insect, Cockroach, and Mouse Differs from That in Larger Animals

Hooper¹,

Guschlbauer²,

Blümel³

et al. 2009

J. Neurosci.

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Stick insect (Carausius morosus) leg muscles contract and relax slowly. Control of stick insect leg posture and movement could therefore differ from that in animals with faster muscles. Consistent with this possibility, stick insect legs maintained constant posture without leg motor nerve activity when the animals were rotated in air. That unloaded leg posture was an intrinsic property of the legs was confirmed by showing that isolated legs had constant, gravity-independent postures. Muscle ablation experiments, experiments showing that leg muscle passive forces were large compared with gravitational forces, and experiments showing that, at the rest postures, agonist and antagonist muscles generated equal forces indicated that these postures depended in part on leg muscles. Leg muscle recordings showed that stick insect swing motor neurons fired throughout the entirety of swing. To test whether these results were specific to stick insect, we repeated some of these experiments in cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and mouse. Isolated cockroach legs also had gravityindependent rest positions and mouse swing motor neurons also fired throughout the entirety of swing. These data differ from those in human and horse but not cat. These size-dependent variations in whether legs have constant, gravity-independent postures, in whether swing motor neurons fire throughout the entirety of swing, and calculations of how quickly passive muscle force would slow limb movement as limb size varies suggest that these differences may be caused by scaling. Limb size may thus be as great a determinant as phylogenetic position of unloaded limb motor control strategy.

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“…We will call this an extensordominated pattern as proposed by Yakovenko et al (2005). Virtually every animal walks in this way, including insects (Delcomyn 1971), reptiles (Williams 1981), birds (Jacobson and Hollyday 1982), rodents (Cohen andGans 1975), carnivores (Arshavskii et al 1965;Halbertsma 1983), and primates (Vilensky 1983) as well as humans (Grillner et al 1979). Perhaps gravity imposes greater load-related feedback during extension, resulting in its prolongation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Loading the Limb During Rhythmic Leg Movements Lengthens the Duration of Both Flexion and Extension in Human Infants

Musselman

Yang²

2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Musselman KE, Yang JF. Loading the limb during rhythmic leg movements lengthens the duration of both flexion and extension in human infants. J Neurophysiol 97: 1247J Neurophysiol 97: -1257J Neurophysiol 97: , 2007. First published December 6, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.00891.2006. Sensory input is critical for adapting motor outputs to meet environmental conditions. A ubiquitous force on all terrestrial animals is gravity. It is possible that when performing rhythmic movements, animals respond to loadrelated feedback in the same way by prolonging the muscle activity resisting the load. We hypothesized that for rhythmic leg movements, the period (extension or flexion) experiencing the higher load will be longer and vary more strongly with cycle period. Six rhythmic movements were studied in human infants (aged 3-10 mo), each providing different degrees of load-related feedback to the legs during flexion and extension of the limb. Kicking in supine provided similar loads (inertial) during flexion and extension. Stepping on a treadmill, kicking in supine against a foot-plate, and kicking in sitting loaded the legs during extension more than flexion, whereas air-stepping and air-stepping with ankle weights did the opposite. Video, electrogoniometry, surface electromyography, and contact forces were recorded. We showed that load-related feedback could make either the duration of flexion or extension longer. Within the tasks of stepping and kicking against a plate, infants who exerted lower forces showed shorter extensor durations than those who exerted higher forces. Because older babies tend to step with greater force, we wished to rule out the contribution of age. Eight babies (Ͼ8 mo old) were studied during stepping, in which we manipulated the amount of weightbearing. The same effect of load was seen. Hence, the degree of loading directly affects the duration of extension in an incremental way.

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A behavioral and electromyographic study of walking in the chick.

Cited by 105 publications

References 0 publications

Comparative intralimb coordination in avian bipedal locomotion

Comparative intralimb coordination in avian bipedal locomotion

Neural Control of Unloaded Leg Posture and of Leg Swing in Stick Insect, Cockroach, and Mouse Differs from That in Larger Animals

Loading the Limb During Rhythmic Leg Movements Lengthens the Duration of Both Flexion and Extension in Human Infants

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