A Basis of Echinocytosis and Stomatocytosis in the Disc–Sphere Transformations of the Erythrocyte

Wong, Pierre

doi:10.1006/jtbi.1998.0845

Cited by 91 publications

(84 citation statements)

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“…Finally, the observed correlation between the conformational changes of the band 3 protein and the erythrocyte shape [27][28][29][30], might also be related with the proposed physicochemical model. For example, if the amphiphiles adsorb on band 3 and inhibit the anion transport [30], this can affect the membrane tension in two ways: (i) a direct decrease of the membrane tension upon adsorption, see Eq.…”

Section: Membrane Tensions: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, if the amphiphiles adsorb on band 3 and inhibit the anion transport [30], this can affect the membrane tension in two ways: (i) a direct decrease of the membrane tension upon adsorption, see Eq. (5.10); (ii) an indirect effect due to inhibiting of the anion transport, which will alter the values of I 1 and Φ (see Tables 2 and 3 …”

Section: Membrane Tensions: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed reviews, different viewpoints and discussions on the molecular origin of the observed phenomena can be found in [7,12,18,[24][25][26]. Some authors have established correlations between the stomatocyte-echinocyte transition and the effect of additives on the conformation of the anion-exchange protein band 3, including inhibition of the anion transport effectuated by this protein [27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the mechanism of stomatocyte–echinocyte transformations of red blood cells: experiment and theoretical model

Tachev¹,

Danov²,

Kralchevsky³

2004

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces

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This study represents an attempt to achieve a better understanding of the stomatocyte-echinocyte transition in the shape of red blood cells. We determined experimentally the index of cell shape at various ionic strengths and osmolarities for native and trypsin-treated human erythrocytes. For every given composition of the outer phase, we calculated the ionic strength in the cells and the transmembrane electric potential using a known theoretical model. Next, we described theoretically the electric double layers formed on both sides of the cell membrane, and derived expressions for the tensions of the two membrane leaflets. Taking into account that the cell-shape index depends on the tension difference between the two leaflets, we fitted the experimental data with the constructed physicochemical model. The model, which agrees well with the experiment, indicates that the tension difference between the two leaflets is governed by the different adsorptions of counterions at the two membrane surfaces, rather than by the direct contribution of the electric double layers to the membrane tension. Thus, with the rise of the ionic strength, the counterion adsorption increases stronger at the outer leaflet, whose stretching surface pressure becomes greater, and whose area expands relative to that of the inner leaflet. Hence, there is no contradiction between the bilayer-couple hypothesis and the electric double layer theory, if the latter is upgraded to account for the effect of counterion-adsorption on the membrane tension. The developed quantitative model can be applied to predict the shape index of cells upon a stomatocyte-discocyte-echinocyte transformation at varying composition of the outer medium.

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Section: Membrane Tensions: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Membrane Tensions: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the mechanism of stomatocyte–echinocyte transformations of red blood cells: experiment and theoretical model

Tachev¹,

Danov²,

Kralchevsky³

2004

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces

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“…2 and 3, and ref. 4 and references therein). One set of agents, including anionic amphipaths, high salt, high pH, ATP depletion, cholesterol enrichment, and proximity to a glass surface, induces a series of crenated shapes, called echinocytes, characterized by convex rounded protrusions or spicules.…”

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confidence: 99%

Stomatocyte–discocyte–echinocyte sequence of the human red blood cell: Evidence for the bilayer– couple hypothesis from membrane mechanics

Lim

Wortis

Mukhopadhyay

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

438

135

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U nder physiological conditions, a normal human RBC assumes a biconcave discoid (discocyte) shape Ϸ8 m in diameter. It has been known for more than 50 years (1) that a variety of agents can modify this shape systematically and reversibly at constant area and volume § (Fig. 1 Left) (refs. 2 and 3, and ref. 4 and references therein). One set of agents, including anionic amphipaths, high salt, high pH, ATP depletion, cholesterol enrichment, and proximity to a glass surface, induces a series of crenated shapes, called echinocytes, characterized by convex rounded protrusions or spicules. Under further loading, the spicules become smaller and more numerous and eventually (in a process that we shall not discuss further) bud off irreversibly, forming extracellular vesicles composed of plasma membrane materials and leaving behind a more or less spherical body with reduced area and volume (the spheroechinocyte). Another set of agents, including cationic amphipaths, low salt, low pH, and cholesterol depletion, induces concave shapes called stomatocytes. On further loading, multiple concave invaginations are produced, which eventually bud off to form interior vesicles and leave a spherostomatocyte. This ''main sequence'' is universal in the sense that the shapes seen and their order of appearance do not depend on which echinocytogenic or stomatocytogenic agent is used. Other shapes outside of this main sequence are also seen under certain conditions (Fig. 2 Left).The RBC consists of a composite membrane [plasma membrane plus membrane skeleton (MS)] surrounding a fluid interior, so it is natural to search in the membrane properties for an explanation of these shape changes. The first explanation was provided by Sheetz and Singer (5), who proposed that the mechanism involves small changes in the relaxed area difference ⌬A 0 between the two leaflets of the plasma membrane. Thus, any effect that expands the outer leaflet relative to the inner one (increasing ⌬A 0 ) produces a tendency to form convex structures on the cell surface (e.g., echinocytic spicules) to accommodate the extra area; conversely, an expansion of the inner leaflet relative to the outer one (decreasing ⌬A 0 ) favors concavities (e.g., stomatocytic shapes). This so-called bilayer-couple hypothesis explains the universality of the main, stomatocytediscocyte-echinocyte sequence by postulating that all shapechanging agents (chemical, biological, or even physical) act solely or mainly through their effect on ⌬A 0 . Biochemistry comes in only to explain how and to what extent each agent modifies ⌬A 0 . For example, added amphipaths partition differentially between the two bilayer leaflets because of the known asymmetry in composition: The inner leaflet contains a significant fraction of negatively charged lipids (6), thus making it a more attractive environment for cationic amphipaths. Cholesterol, on the other hand, is known to prefer the outer leaflet. Thus, cholesterol addition tends to expand the outer leaflet, whereas addition of cationic amphipaths tends to...

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“…The change in the hemolytic ratio (Hr) of RBC's reflects changes occurring in erythrocytes due to change in bilirubin and G-6-PD difficiency. At bilirubin concentration > 15 mg/dl unbound unconjugated bilirubin (free bilirubin) cause sufficient stress on RBC's membrane ,which transform the erythrocyte into smooth sphere which rapidly hemolysis (9) as shown in Fig. 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral and Osmotic Fragility Analysis of Erythrocytes for Neonatal Jaundice

2012

Egypt. J. Biophys. Biomed. Engng.

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A Basis of Echinocytosis and Stomatocytosis in the Disc–Sphere Transformations of the Erythrocyte

Cited by 91 publications

References 0 publications

On the mechanism of stomatocyte–echinocyte transformations of red blood cells: experiment and theoretical model

On the mechanism of stomatocyte–echinocyte transformations of red blood cells: experiment and theoretical model

Stomatocyte–discocyte–echinocyte sequence of the human red blood cell: Evidence for the bilayer– couple hypothesis from membrane mechanics

Spectral and Osmotic Fragility Analysis of Erythrocytes for Neonatal Jaundice

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