“…A semiartificial photosynthetic system typically comprises a solar-capture module, such as nanomaterials , or photoelectrochemical systems, , and a chemical conversion module, which can be enzymes , or living microbial cells. , Certain studies also employed biophotosensitizers in combination with chemical catalysts to achieve solar-driven chemical production. − Regarding the photoelectrochemical systems, they provide exceptional stability and allow for convenient real-time monitoring of their tunable photochemical and electrochemical properties. − In contrast, nanomaterials demonstrate exceptional configurability in broadband light absorption, surface charge, morphology, elemental composition, and band structure. ,− They closely match cellular organisms in size scale, affording a substantial contact area for electron transduction. With respect to the pure enzymes, they have direct contact with materials, rendering them efficient in electron acquisition. ,,− By rationally selecting enzymes and employing suitable conditions, novel cascade reactions toward target products can be catalyzed, such as the total synthesis of starch using CO 2 , along with recently developed artificial carbon fixation pathways. − While isolating, purifying, and preserving pure enzymes in vitro poses challenges, microbial cells offer distinct advantages .…”