A Bacteriologic Census of Human Saliva

Richardson, Robert L.; Jones, Marion

doi:10.1177/00220345580370041701

Cited by 76 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…2., (1) it usually showexxdl ,alivoitedl filamentous cell formation l)eneath the surface of the m1edini. Plure cultures of the oi(guismial1o exhbllted 1o)th the niatt afnd.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Oral Filamentous Microorganism: Cultural Characteristics and Microbial Relationships Affecting Growth

Richardson

Schmidt

1959

J Dent Res

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“…2., (1) it usually showexxdl ,alivoitedl filamentous cell formation l)eneath the surface of the m1edini. Plure cultures of the oi(guismial1o exhbllted 1o)th the niatt afnd.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several physiologic characteristics were determined for the 10 strains (Nos. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] isolated in this laboratory and 2 strains (No. 18, No.…”

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confidence: 99%

An Oral Filamentous Microorganism: Cultural Characteristics and Microbial Relationships Affecting Growth

Richardson

Schmidt

1959

J Dent Res

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“…Bacterial destruction of urea is a more probable explanation, as the mouth, and in particular dental tartar and plaque, are known to contain microorganisms with the ability to hydrolyse urea to ammonia (Tiedemann & Keller, 1909;Bliss, 1937;Ballantyne, Clegg, Rae & Lawford, 1951 ;Frostell, 1960). We know of no detailed study of urea metabolism by oral microorganisms, but micrococci, bacteroides and yeasts are all found in saliva (Richardson & Jones, 1958;Ross, 1971) and many species of these are active urea-splitters. Our salivary incubation studies showed rapid disappearance of urea with simultaneous generation of ammonia, indicating urea hydrolysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that there was not enough ammonia in the mixed oral saliva to account fully for the absent moiety of urea suggests that some ammonia is lost from oral saliva, either because of further bacterial action or by diffusion. Ammonia is known to be a substrate of many widely distributed bacteria (Guirard & Snell, 1962), such as Escherichiu coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and strains of Pseudomonas and Clostridia (Mortenson, 1962), some of which can be demonstrated in the mouths of healthy subjects (Richardson & Jones, 1958). Diffusion of ammonia seems an even more probable explanation; ammonia may diffuse through the oral mucosa into the blood stream, or be lost by diffusion into the atmosphere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin and Fate of Salivary Urea and Ammonia in Man

Kopstein

Wrong

1977

Clinical Science

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1. Saliva obtained from the parotid duct of normal and uraemic subjects had an average urea concentration of 86% of the plasma concentration whereas in mixed saliva obtained from the mouth the urea concentration was only 31% of the plasma concentration. Ammonia concentrations were low or unmeasurable in parotid saliva but varied between 0.6 and 26 mmol/kg in oral saliva, showing a positive correlation with the plasma urea concentration.2. The urea in samples of mixed oral saliva incubated at 37°C disappeared by 290 min. Ammonia steadily increased during incubation; within the first 100 min, the increase could be largely accounted for by bacterial hydrolysis of urea, but later non-urea sources became relatively more important.3. These findings suggest that the ammonia in mixed oral saliva is derived by bacterial hydrolysis of urea within the mouth. However, the concentration of ammonia plus urea nitrogen in oral saliva was only 76% of the urea nitrogen concentration of parotid saliva, which suggests that some ammonia is lost from the mouth by buccal absorption or by volatilization. 4.To assess the role of non-ionic diffusion of ammonia through the buccal mucosa, we studied the effect of pH on the disappearance of ammonia from buffered solutions retained in the mouth. Ammonia concentrations fell more rapidly at pH 9 than at pH 7, as also did those of hydrazine, a non-volatile analogue of ammonia which is known to be absorbed through other mucosae by non-ionic diffusion. These findings suggest that salivary ammonia is reabsorbed passively through the oral mucosa in the un-ionized phase.

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“…An important group of gram-positive bacteria found in the nasal cavity, pharynx and mouth of humans are the viridans streptococci. 2 These organisms compose the majority of the aerobic flora of saliva and those adhering to the oral epithelial surfaces (Richardson and Jones 1958, Gibbons et al 1964, Gordon and Gibbons 1966, Socransky and Mangandillo 1971, Lidjemerk and Gibbons 1972, Hardie and Bowden 1974. Viridans streptococci isolates can inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens that cause disease in the human oral cavity (Rosebury et al 1954, Sprunt and Redman 1968, Sanders 1969, Johanson et al 1970, Sprunt et al 1971, Crowe et al 1973, Aly et al 1974).…”

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In vitro inhibition of oral viridans streptococci by chlordane

Goes

Savage²,

Boyd

1978

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

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Abstract.The viridans streptococci comprise a segment of the human oral flora which may play an important role in protecting the mouth from pathogenic bacterial infections. Human exposure to pesticide residues has been implicated as a possible contributing factor in upper respiratory and streptococcal infections. Chlordane, an organochlorine insecticide, was tested in vitro for its capacity to inhibit viridans streptococci growth. Possible antimicrobial effects on laboratory isolates of this bacterial group were studied, utilizing both disk inhibition techniques and turbidimetric analysis of bacterial cell density. The method of growth modification proved to be the more sensitive of the two procedures. Total inhibition of viridans streptococci reproduction was demonstrated at a chlordane concentration of 3.0 ppm. Further studies are necessary to determine whether chlordane inhibition of streptococcal growth in vivo can cause increases in bacterial infections of the oral cavity.

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A Bacteriologic Census of Human Saliva

Cited by 76 publications

References 13 publications

An Oral Filamentous Microorganism: Cultural Characteristics and Microbial Relationships Affecting Growth

An Oral Filamentous Microorganism: Cultural Characteristics and Microbial Relationships Affecting Growth

The Origin and Fate of Salivary Urea and Ammonia in Man

In vitro inhibition of oral viridans streptococci by chlordane

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