A 76–84-GHz 16-Element Phased-Array Receiver With a Chip-Level Built-In Self-Test System

Kim, Sang Young; Inac, Ozgur; Kim, Choul-Young; Shin, Donghyup; Rebeiz, Gabriel M.

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2013.2265016

Cited by 96 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Frequency-domain scanning reduces the available bandwidth to achieve the required distance resolution at a certain angle. Using phased arrays, recently demonstrated in [16], allows creating an electronically scanned narrow antenna beam pattern with excellent performance. The disadvantage of this approach is that it requires many individually steerable transmit and receive channels to achieve a well behaved narrow beam.…”

Section: Angle Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving towards 2020: Automotive radar technology trends

Hasch

2015

2015 IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Microwaves for Intelligent Mobility (ICMIM)

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In the last few years automotive radar has been transformed from being a niche sensor to becoming standard even in middle-class cars. With Euro-NCAP ratings now requiring automated braking and pedestrian safety functionality, radar is often identified as the best suited sensor for this purpose. Additionally, future automated driving will require detailed and highly reliable information on the environment and surrounding street traffic. This requires radar sensors to provide more detailed information about the environment, foremost in the spatial domain. Automotive radar has always benefited significantly from technological advances, especially in semiconductor technology and packaging, allowing a better performance and much more functionality in the radar frontend. A second key area is the antenna system, where new concepts to acquire more information about signals reflected from the environment can significantly improve resolution and detection performance.

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Section: Angle Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving towards 2020: Automotive radar technology trends

Hasch

2015

2015 IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Microwaves for Intelligent Mobility (ICMIM)

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“…In order to realize robust silicon-based single-chip antenna arrays for commercial communication and sensing applications, on-chip testing and calibration techniques are developed that measure the deterioration of array performance and correct the amplitudes and phases accordingly. In [20], a 16-channel silicon-based phased array is demonstrated. Even though phase and amplitude errors can be corrected via built-in self test systems, the transitions of the mm-wave signals to the 16 off-chip antennas around the chip and the stability of the fabrication process using many channels have remained unsolved.…”

Section: Drawbacks Of Conventional Phased Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [11], [21] and [22], multiple channels, including phase shifters, are integrated on a single chip to reduce cost. Still, complexity and calibration problems may be cumbersome for such MMIC designs.…”

Section: A Novel Phased Array Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Millimeter-Wave Dual-Fed Phased Array for Beam Steering

Topak

Hasch

Wagner³

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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A phased array antenna, used for shaping and steering the main antenna beam electronically to chosen directions within the predefined field of view, has been the key antenna system for satellite communications and military radars for decades. However, despite its high functional performance, it is still a very costly and complex solution for emerging wireless consumer applications such as high speed wireless communication and driving assistance systems due to the number of phase shifters and their complex control circuitry. Even more challenges are encountered with an increase in the number of channels if an antenna with high directivity is desired, such as routing RF and IF circuits, isolation of neighboring RF channels or calibration of a whole system.In order to eliminate the challenges stated above, a novel beam steering approach is presented in this dissertation based on the superposition of two squinted antenna beams. The two antenna beams are realized by exciting the opposite feeds of a dual-fed array antenna. A change in the phase difference and amplitude ratio between the input signals, using only one phase shifter and two variable gain amplifiers or only two I-Q vector modulators, steers the main beam in different directions. Due to its similar architecture, it exhibits all the advantages that a traveling wave antenna possesses as well, such as beam steering with the change of the operating frequency.Additionally, the sum and difference patterns can be obtained using this concept, allowing for an amplitude-comparison monopulse operation with a broad peak or a deep null at the broadside. Using this approach, beam nulls can also be steered towards interference directions, while keeping the shape and direction of the main beam unchanged. Another advantage is its high robustness against phase and amplitude errors due to analog hardware components in the RF path, which cannot be avoided in conventional phased arrays. A channel mismatch and crosstalk between neighbor RF channels or a temperature and time dependent array calibration can be minimized via this technique thanks to its unique topology, as well.In this work, an analytic antenna model has been derived and implemented in MATLAB using closed form expressions to analyze and optimize each relevant antenna parameter. Using this model, the development time becomes significantly shorter and the required computer memory is almost negligible.In order to prove the validity of the proposed novel beam steering approach, two different millimeter-wave (mm-wave) dual-feed antenna setups have been designed and implemented. In the first setup, commercial passive WR-10 components are used to perform the phase and i -iiamplitude changes manually. To demonstrate the full capability of electronic scanning, a second setup is built by employing an I-Q vector modulator instead of the waveguide phase shifter and the attenuator, which is controllable via input current signals. A mm-wave baredie transceiver MMIC which houses an integrated I-Q vector modulator in its ...

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“…Example of these chips include the recent 16-element IBM and UCSD SiGe chips at W-band using RF-beamforming [1]- [3], the 16-element Broadcom 60 GHz chip using RF-beamforming [4], 4-element digital bearnforming chips for automotive radars at 77 GHz [S], and other 8-16 element chips at Q-band. For larger arrays, then several of these chips can be placed together using a complex mm-wave printed-circuit board (PCB).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 60 GHz 64-element wafer-scale phased-array with full-reticle design

Zihir

Gurbuz

Kar‐Roy³

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium

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This paper presents the first large-scale wafer-scale phased-array at 60 GHz with 64-elements spaced )J2 apart and occupying a full reticle area of 2.2x2.2 cm 2 • The transmit array includes high-efficiency on-wafer antennas, 3-bits amplitude and S-bits phase control on each element, and a highly redundant RF distribution network for improved yield. It also includes redundant SPI control and power strips, also for improved yield.The 64-element array results in a half-power beam width of 12.5°in the E-and H-planes, a directivity of 23 dB and scans to +/-55° in the E-and H-planes with near-ideal patterns and a cross-polarization level of <-25 dB. The measured EIRP is 38 dBm at 66 GHz, but this is currently being redone for improved accuracy. To our knowledge, this is the largest single-chip phased array ever developed and paves the way to mm-wave large-scale (1000+ elements) phased-array systems.

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A 76–84-GHz 16-Element Phased-Array Receiver With a Chip-Level Built-In Self-Test System

Cited by 96 publications

References 24 publications

Driving towards 2020: Automotive radar technology trends

Driving towards 2020: Automotive radar technology trends

A Novel Millimeter-Wave Dual-Fed Phased Array for Beam Steering

A 60 GHz 64-element wafer-scale phased-array with full-reticle design

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