A 650 mm Long Liquid Hydrogen Target for Use in a High Intensity Electron Beam

Mark, John W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9865-3_116

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The liquid hydrogen thickness has been chosen in order to approximately correspond to the maximum level of the 11 C production. In fact, this solution is preferable to a pure and long liquid hydrogen decelerator due to the difficulties of a sophisticated cryogenic system, needed in order to keep the liquid at about 20 K (Mark 1984, Weisend et al 2005. However, it may be highly desirable to reach even more deeply located tumors of around 25 cm of depth with 11 C. In this respect the 11 C production in a 430 MeV/u primary beam of 12 C was also studied (figure 5) and the results show that a satisfactory level of the 11 C production is reached with the dual decelerator.…”

Section: Pmmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of clinically useful positron emitter beams during carbon ion deceleration

Lazzeroni

Brahme²

2011

Phys. Med. Biol.

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In external beam radiation therapy, radioactive beams offer the best clinical solution to simultaneously treat and in vivo monitor the dose delivery and tumor response using PET or PET-CT imaging. However, difficulties mainly linked to the low production efficiency have so far limited their use. This study is devoted to the analysis of the production of high energy (11)C fragments, preferably by projectile fragmentation of a stable monodirectional and monoenergetic primary (12)C beam in different absorbing materials (decelerators) in order to identify the optimal elemental composition. The study was performed using the Monte Carlo code SHIELD-HIT07. The track length and fluence of generated secondary particles were scored in a uniform absorber of 300 cm length and 10 cm radius, divided into slices of 1 cm thickness. The (11)C fluence build-up and mean energy variation with increasing decelerator depth are presented. Furthermore, the fluence of the secondary (11)C beam was studied as a function of its mean energy and the corresponding remaining range in water. It is shown that the maximum (11)C fluence build-up is high in compounds where the fraction by weight of hydrogen is high, being the highest in liquid hydrogen. Furthermore, a cost effective alternative solution to the single medium initially envisaged is presented: a two-media decelerator that comprises a first liquid hydrogen section followed by a second decelerating section made of a hydrogen-rich material, such as polyethylene (C(2)H(4)). The purpose of the first section is to achieve a fast initial (11)C fluence build-up, while the second section is primarily designed to modulate the mean energy of the generated (11)C beam in order to reach the tumor depth. Finally, it was demonstrated that, if the intensity of the primary (12)C beam can be increased by an order of magnitude, a sufficient intensity of the secondary (11)C beam is achieved for therapy and subsequent therapeutic PET imaging sessions. Such an increase in the intensity might be easily achieved with a superconducting cyclotron.

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Section: Pmmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of clinically useful positron emitter beams during carbon ion deceleration

Lazzeroni

Brahme²

2011

Phys. Med. Biol.

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“…The large (50 1) volume of LH 2 in the E158 target required additional safety measures [39]. FIGURE 6 shows the E136 hydrogen target [36]. This is a fairly typical high-power target system.…”

Section: Safety Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Hydrogen Target Experience at SLAC

Weisend¹,

Arnold²,

Bosted³

et al. 2006

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Liquid hydrogen targets have played a vital role in the physics program at SLAC for the past 40 years. These targets have ranged from small "beer can" targets to the 1.5 m long El58 target that was capable of absorbing up to 800 W without any significant density changes. Successful use of these targets has required the development of thin-wall designs, liquid hydrogen pumps, remote positioning and alignment systems, safety systems, control and data acquisition systems, cryogenic cooling circuits and heat exchangers. Detailed operating procedures have been created to ensure safety and operational reliability. This paper surveys the evolution of liquid hydrogen targets at SLAC and discusses advances in several of the enabling technologies that made these targets possible.

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Design and Performance of Liquid Hydrogen Target Systems for the Fermilab Fixed Target Program

Allspach

Danes

Peifer

et al. 1992

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

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The Fermilab 1990-1991 Fixed Target Pmgmm featured six experiments utilizing liquid hydrogen or liquid deuterium targets as part of their apparatus. Each design was optimized to the criteria of the experiment. resulting in variations of material selection, methods of refrigeradonandsecondary containment. Collecdvely.therargetswererunforatotalof 14,184 hours with an average operational efficiency of 97.6%. The safe and reliable operation of these targets was complemented by an increased degree of documentation and component testing. This operation was also aided by several key upgrades. All the systems were designed and fabricated under a set of written guidelines that blend analytical calculations and empirical guidance drawn from over twenty years of target fabrication experience.

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A 650 mm Long Liquid Hydrogen Target for Use in a High Intensity Electron Beam

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Production of clinically useful positron emitter beams during carbon ion deceleration

Production of clinically useful positron emitter beams during carbon ion deceleration

Liquid Hydrogen Target Experience at SLAC

Design and Performance of Liquid Hydrogen Target Systems for the Fermilab Fixed Target Program

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