A 60:40 split: Differential mass support in dogs

Fish, Frank E.; Sheehan, Maura J.; Adams, Danielle S.; Tennett, Kelsey A.; Gough, William T.

doi:10.1002/ar.24407

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…During quadrupedal locomotion, peak vertical substrate reaction forces are almost universally greater within the forelimb than in the hindlimb across mammals (Barclay, 1953; Fish et al, 2021; Jayes & Alexander, 1978; Kimura & Endo, 1972; Reynolds, 1985a). An exception to this pattern, however, is the Order Primates, wherein this pattern is switched (Demes et al, 1994; Kimura et al, 1977; Reynolds, 1985b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing mechanisms for weight support distribution during inverted quadrupedalism in primates

2022

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A key characteristic of primate above-branch arboreal locomotion is hindlimb-biased weight support, subverting the typical mammalian condition in which the majority of the body weight is supported by the forelimb. This shift is thought to reflect an adaptation toward the arboreal niches exploited by early primates. However, abovebranch quadrupedalism represents only one locomotor mode employed by primates in arboreal contexts. Inverted quadrupedal gaits, in which primates are suspended beneath branches by their hands and feet, have been documented in more than 50 primate taxa. This gait is characterized by a return to forelimb-biased weight distributions and a transition from peak vertical forces being greatest in the hindlimb to being greatest in the forelimb, which may occur to protect the hindlimb from high magnitudes of tensile loading when inverted. In this study, we compare kinetic and kinematic data during upright and inverted quadrupedalism in Lemur catta, Varecia variegata, Cebus capucinus, and Saimiri sciureus. These data are referenced against a classical inverted quadrupedal model: the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus). Our findings show that inverted quadrupedalism in primates is differentiated from above-branch quadrupedalism by increases in forelimb weight support, forelimb contact times, and both forelimb and hindlimb joint excursions. Previously postulated biomechanical models outlining mechanisms relating to the control of weight support during upright walking do not translate well to inverted quadrupedal walking. We suggest that inverted primates may simply be adopting basal neuromuscular gait characteristics and applying them facultatively to this infrequent locomotor behavior.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing mechanisms for weight support distribution during inverted quadrupedalism in primates

2022

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“…The mean body weight distribution between fore-and hindlimbs is approximately 60% : 40% in dogs [56,94]. A large study investigating 123 different breeds found that the grand mean proportion of mass was 60.4% on the forelimbs (range: 47.6 to 74.4%) [94]. Only sex was shown to be a significant factor altering that ratio, with females being below the mean value throughout different breeds [94].…”

Section: Joint Contact Areas and Force Distribution Within The Elbow Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Joint Contact Areas and Force Distribution Within The Elbow Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large study investigating 123 different breeds found that the grand mean proportion of mass was 60.4% on the forelimbs (range: 47.6 to 74.4%) [94]. Only sex was shown to be a significant factor altering that ratio, with females being below the mean value throughout different breeds [94]. Another study comparing kinematic and kinetic data of orthopedic healthy Labrador retrievers and German shepherds reported that Labrador retrievers carry a higher percentage of the weight on their forelimbs compared to the German shepherd (69% vs. 62%, p < 0.001) [66].…”

Section: Joint Contact Areas and Force Distribution Within The Elbow Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint

Rohwedder¹

2022

Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology

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The canine elbow joint is a complex joint, whose musculoskeletal anatomy is well investigated. During the last 30 years kinematic analysis has gained importance in veterinary research and kinematics of the healthy and medial coronoid disease affected canine elbow joint are progressively investigated. Video-kinematographic analysis represents the most commonly used technique and multiple studies have investigated the range of motion, angular velocity, duration of swing and stance phase, stride length and other kinematic parameters, mostly in the sagittal plane only. However, this technique is more error-prone and data gained by video-kinematography represent the kinematics of the whole limb including the soft tissue envelope. A more precise evaluation of the in vivo bone and joint movement can only been achieved using fluoroscopic kinematography. Based on recent studies significant differences in the motion pattern between healthy joints and elbows with medial coronoid disease could be detected. Thereby not only adaptive changes, caused by pain and lameness, could be described, but primary changes in the micromotion of the joint forming bones could be found, which potentially represent new factors in the pathogenesis of medial coronoid disease. This chapter gives a review of current literature on elbow joint kinematics, with particular focus onto pathologic biomechanics in dysplastic canine elbows.

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“…Artificial selection has resulted in a plethora of dog body shapes, ranging from short‐legged to long‐legged, gracile to stocky, as a result of breeding for speed, strength, or aesthetics. Despite the variety, Fish et al (Fish, DiNenno, & Trail, 2021a; Fish, Sheehan, Adams, Tennett, & Gough, 2021b) find remarkable homogeneity in two aspects of dog locomotor anatomy, how they distribute their mass over their limbs and how they swim (“dog‐paddle”). His study of 552 dogs across 123 breeds, spanning the 2.7 kg chihuahua to the 104 kg mastiff, found that all breeds exhibit an ~60:40 split in distribution between mass on their forelimbs and hindlimbs.…”

Section: Living Near Wolves Walking With Dogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dog–human connection

Smith

Valkenburgh

2020

The Anatomical Record

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This special issue of The Anatomical Record is the end result of a rare convergence of researchers scattered around the globe who came together to explore the mystery of the dog–human connection. Many of the discussions at the 12th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology in Prague (July 23, 2019) are echoed within this issue. The enigmatic origins of dog domestication (as well as feralized descendants such as the dingo) are discussed, including phases of domestication that we might infer, and our historical knowledge of dog breeding. Emphasized by the morphological and genetic data are the forces of selection, both unintentional and intentional. In our modern life with dogs, we enjoy their companionship and benefit from the utility of many breeds, but we encounter unintended health care issues that are often breed‐specific. Dogs are so different in their sensory specializations (especially olfaction), but have uniquely (among other domestic mammals) developed highly sophisticated means of interspecific communication with humans. In sum, the manuscripts within this issue discuss anatomical, paleontological, genetic, and behavioral evidence bearing on the antiquity of the domestic dog, the process of domestication, and the many ways in which dogs continue to affect human life.

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A 60:40 split: Differential mass support in dogs

Cited by 6 publications

References 60 publications

Testing mechanisms for weight support distribution during inverted quadrupedalism in primates

Testing mechanisms for weight support distribution during inverted quadrupedalism in primates

Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint

The dog–human connection

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