A 5-Year Retrospective Review of Avian Diseases Diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, University of Georgia

Nemeth, Nicole M.; González-Astudillo, Viviana; Oesterle, P.T.; Howerth, Elizabeth W.

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.05.006

Cited by 61 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The results observed here are both consistent and divergent with previous reports of visceral gout in seabirds and other wild and captive birds (e.g.poultry) [3,17,26,29,30,34,35,42]. Although scarse, similar prevalence of gout was observed among free-ranging birds, including 3.2% observed in different species of seabirds (this study), 1.2% in Puffinus puffinus [12], 1.7% in raptors [28], 0.4% in Phasianus colchicus [6], and 4.7% affecting captive/companion birds [30], but it was considered lower when compared to 21.5% and 23.3% affecting captive/broilers [36,39]. The difference observed may be influenced by the population analysed (individual x grouped broilers), but also by the gout pathogeny and environmental conditions, including husbandry issues as behavioral, physiological and genetic traits among taxa that may predispose captive birds to diseases [2,10].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Visceral Gout in Coastal and Oceanic Seabirds in Paraná, Southern of Brazil

Nobrega

Domiciano

Domit

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Owing to the abundance, wide distribution, long life cycles and higher positions in the throfic levels, seabirds are considered sentinels of hazards and negative anthropogenic impacts to marine ecosystems. Gout is a a common disease affecting birds, but also occurs in other taxa, including mammals and reptiles. The aim of this study was to elucidate the occurrence and pathological findings of gout cases in different species of seabirds, including biological and ecological factors that may contribute to disease.Cases: The urate crystals were observed in ten seabirds stranded, classified in eight species: four oceanic species - two Puffinus puffinus, one Macronectis giganteus, one Thalassarche melanophris, one Calonectris sp. and four coastal species - one Fregata magnifiscens, two Sula leucogaster, one Phalacrocorax brasilianus and one Rynchops niger. A total of seven animals were stranded alive and three were found dead; four animals were male and six were female; six were juveniles and four were mature. The nutritional condition was cachectic in four animals, poor in five and fair in one. The main clinical sign in alive animals was dehydration (7/7; 100%). The treatment consisted of standard support including fluid therapy and temperature stabilization; in addition, vitamins, amino acids, minerals and antibiotics (sulfonamide or enrofloxacin) were given, but the animals died between 1 and 13 days after rehabilitation entrance. Gout was associated with cachectic condition and autumn stranding (in comparison with summer stranding). The main macroscopic findings were observed in the kidneys, which were whitish and enlarged and all had microscopic evidence of multifocal, mild to marked renal crystal urate deposition. In two cases, urates deposition were observed in multiple organs, including liver, spleen, lung, epicardium and kidney in two cases, indicating severe visceral gout.The gout was considered the ultimate cause of death in three cases, and in the remaining cases, the main lesion associated with death was trauma (n = 2), infectious enteritis (n = 2), systemic infection (n = 1), myocardial necrosis (n = 1) and cachexia syndrome. The contributing factors for urate deposition were metabolic imbalances, chronic dehydration and overdoses of protein supplements. Discussion:The ten cases described above constitute a rare report of visceral gout in free-living and in rehabilitation seabirds and contributes towards understanding the prevalence and pathogeny of gout in stranded oceanic and coastal animals off southern Brazil. Similar prevalence of gout was observed among free-ranging birds of other reports,but it was considered lower when compared to 21.5% and 23.3% affected captive/broilers. The difference observed may be influenced by the population analysed, but also by the gout pathogeny and environmental conditions. Among the possible causes of gout, dehydration was observed in all gout-affetected animals stranded alive, a change usually observed in debilitated/stranded animals that probably has contributed to the disease. Additionally, the poor/cachectic condition noticed in the majority of seabirds indicates a nutritional disorder, also a cause promoting visceral gout. In the present study, accumulation of urate crystals was predominantly limited to the kidneys and associated with inflammatory infiltrate, suggesting a chronic process. The results of this study support the hypothesis that visceral gout is a complex consequence of multiple factors affecting both free-living and rehabilitated seabirds. Therefore, further investigation of the other possible causes, frequency and consequences for coastal and oceanic species is indispensable.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Visceral Gout in Coastal and Oceanic Seabirds in Paraná, Southern of Brazil

Nobrega

Domiciano

Domit

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…In peafowl, signs of severe dyspnoea not associated with mycobacteriosis can be caused by aspergillosis and other bacterial (mycoplasmosis) and viral infections, as well as by advanced syngamosis and presence of foreign bodies (25,27,28). It is also possible to isolate several pathogens in one case (21). Signs identical to those of mycobacteriosis have been seen by the authors in peafowl with avian pox with respiratory involvement or caseous lesions in the posterior larynx (Syrinx), from which Enterobacter sp.…”

Section: Was Foundmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…In modern large-scale poultry farms, where birds are kept for a period of several to several dozen weeks, and the bedding is replaced after the end of each production cycle, mycobacterioses are extremely rare (29). However, the problem of mycobacterioses is still present mainly in free-range poultry, as well as in zoos and parks, where the birds have contact with soil contaminated with faeces, which can be a source of mycobacterial infections for many years (7,14,18,21). Although ill birds are eliminated in reasonably managed parks and zoos, individual owners are often very attached to their animals and do not consent to euthanize the sick bird, but ask for treatment (4,26).…”

Section: Praca Oryginalna Original Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacteriosis in peafowl: Analysis of four cases

Ledwoń¹,

Augustynowicz–Kopeć²,

Parniewski³

et al. 2018

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), similarly to other Galliformes, are particularly susceptible to infection by Mycobacterium avium. Peafowl differ from other Galliformes in the clinical image of the infection, with dominating respiratory signs. Occurrence of severe and sustained dyspnoea in peafowl raises suspicion of mycobacteriosis, which, however, is not always easy to confirm. In the cases described here, mycobacteria were detected in direct swabs from the trachea of two individuals, and cultures were conducted on the Löwenstein- Jensen medium. In one individual, no mycobacteria were found in tracheal swabs stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen method, despite the presence of clear clinical signs. The fourth case was a young bird submitted for necropsy. The cause of death was a mechanical trauma, but scarce caseous nodules typical of mycobacteriosis were found in the liver, spleen and lungs. The Mycobacterium avium isolates obtained from those cases were compared using (CCG)4-based PCR. A high similarity of three isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium was observed, two of which were derived from peafowl originating from the same farm, while the isolate from the fourth bird differed significantly and was identified by sequencing as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis..

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“…Against this background, the prevalence of fungal infections appears to be increasing in the human population with emergence of new opportunist fungal pathogens (Pfaller and Diekema, 2004;Nucci and Marr, 2005;Richardson and Lass-Flörl, 2008). This increase may partly reflect the availability of new diagnostics (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The second manuscript uses immunohistochemistry to describe the mucosal immune response to invasive upper respiratory tract infection by either Aspergillus felis or Aspergillus fumigatus in six cats from Australia (Whitney et al, 2016). Finally, a large review of avian diseases from the USA documents the occurrence of fungal disease in this population (Nemeth et al, 2016). Fungal infections accounted for 33% of all infectious diseases recorded in 528…”

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confidence: 99%