A 46% Efficient 0.8dBm Transmitter for Wireless Sensor Networks

Chee, Y.H.; Niknejad, Ali M.; Rabaey, Jan M.

doi:10.1109/vlsic.2006.1705303

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Most will have voltage conversion or regulation blocks that, if sufficiently parameterized, can be used in various applications. Figure 3 decomposes several simple prototype energy harvesting systems implemented in various research projects by the authors (Seeman, Sanders, and Rabaey 2008;Chee et al 2008;Chee, Niknejad, and Rabaey 2006;Reilly et al 2011;Weinstein et al 2012), including the implementation covered later in the paper. All these examples were built using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components.…”

Section: Supply Side (Harvester)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parameters such as the shape of the surrounding machinery or environment and the maximum volume available for the harvesting device need to be considered. The various harvesting methods -photovoltaic, vibration, thermal, and fluid flow then need to be evaluated in terms of their possible supply of energy (these are described elsewhere in the Journal and see Pillatsch et al 2013;Williams and Yates 1996;Miller et al 2011;Strasser et al 2002;Rowe 2012;Seeman, Sanders, and Rabaey 2008;Chee et al 2008;Chee, Niknejad, and Rabaey 2006;Reilly et al 2011;Weinstein et al 2012;Edamoto et al 2009;Waterbury 2011;Inman 1994;Warneke et al 2001;Vyas, Lakafosis, and Tentzeris 2010;Ruhle et al 2012;Carli et al 2010;Bansal, Howey, and Holmes 2009;Priya 2005;Sanchez-Sanz, Fernandez, and Velazquez 2009;Venkatasubramanian et al 2007;Dalola et al 2009;Jovanovic 2006;Moghe et al 2009;Paprotny et al 2010;Paprotny et al 2012;Roundy 2003). Characterizing the likely intermittency associated with each harvesting source is also critical.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Design Methodology for Energy Harvesting: With a Case Study on the Structured Development of a System to Power a Condition Monitoring Unit

Burghardt

Waterbury

Paprotny

et al. 2014

Energy Harvesting and Systems

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A design methodology is proposed for electronic systems powered by energy harvesting. The methodology first considers the operating environment. It then evaluates the supply-side (the attributes of the harvester), the demand-side (the engineering application or load which receives and uses the converted power), and the power conditioning needed between supply and demand. A test case is presented in which the vibrations of an electromagnetic device are harvested, converted, and used to power a wireless sensor node. Such a node is being used for the condition based monitoring of manufacturing equipment.

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Section: Supply Side (Harvester)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Design Methodology for Energy Harvesting: With a Case Study on the Structured Development of a System to Power a Condition Monitoring Unit

Burghardt

Waterbury

Paprotny

et al. 2014

Energy Harvesting and Systems

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show abstract

“…According to the sampling rate and dynamic range, a budget of system power consumption could be defined. From the state-of-the-art data conversion technologies [9][10] and RF circuit design [11], maximum allowable power consumption is defined and limited within 200uW and 300uW (after dynamic range and bandwidth scaling), respectively. In the baseband, a fully circuit is designed with HDL code.…”

Section: System Evaluations and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

A MT-CDMA based wireless body area network for ubiquitous healthcare monitoring

Liao

Lee

2006

2006 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference

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Abstract-This paper presents a multi-tone CDMA (MT-CDMA) based system specification for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. According to the factors of bandwidth, carrier frequency, and electric field intensity defined in wireless medical telemetry service, the function blocks and data format are designed through the considerations of hardware cost, power consumption, and system performance. The design constraints for baseband processor, data conversion, and RF circuits are defined. This work achieves PER=1% and allows interferer distance less than 1.01m. In energy-spectrum efficiency, it provides 3.125 times energy-spectrum product less than the state-of-the-art systems for healthcare applications. Index Terms-CDMA, OFDM, WBAN

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“…Low PA power consumption places stringent power constraints on LO generation and modulation to maintain high overall TX efficiency. Recent work shows that high-Q direct-RF resonators, such as FBAR and SAW, provide low-power and stable LOs [2,3], avoiding slowstarting, power-hungry PLLs. Low tuning range, however, limits operation to a single channel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 440pJ/bit 1Mb/s 2.4GHz multi-channel FBAR-based TX and an integrated pulse-shaping PA

Paidimarri

Nadeau

Mercier

et al. 2012

2012 Symposium on VLSI Circuits (VLSIC)

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A 2.4GHz TX in 65nm CMOS defines three channels using three high-Q FBARs and supports OOK, BPSK and MSK. The oscillators have −132dBc/Hz phase noise at 1MHz offset, and are multiplexed to an efficient resonant buffer. Optimized for low output power ≈−10dBm, a fully-integrated PA implements 7.5dB dynamic output power range using a dynamic impedance transformation network, and is used for amplitude pulse-shaping. Peak PA efficiency is 44.4% and peak TX efficiency is 33%. The entire TX consumes 440pJ/bit at 1Mb/s. Introduction Body Area Networks (BANs) for continuous health monitoring applications require radios that are both reliable and energy efficient in order to minimize device size and extend battery lifetime. Due to short transmit distances and an energyasymmetric star topology, a low output power of −10dBm is sufficient for the sensor node [1]. Low PA power consumption places stringent power constraints on LO generation and modulation to maintain high overall TX efficiency. Recent work shows that high-Q direct-RF resonators, such as FBAR and SAW, provide low-power and stable LOs [2,3], avoiding slowstarting, power-hungry PLLs. Low tuning range, however, limits operation to a single channel. Typical PAs are not optimized for low output power, and this presents additional challenges.This work proposes a high-Q RF resonator-based frequency generation architecture that scales to multiple channels by multiplexing resonators. A three-channel FBAR-based TX operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band demonstrates the idea. Additionally, a PA optimized for low output power is proposed, with an integrated tunable impedance transformation network capable of amplitude pulse-shaping for improved spectral efficiency. Fig. 1 shows the TX architecture. Three FBAR oscillators are multiplexed to an efficient resonant buffer which directly drives the PA. The buffer stage also incorporates matched delays with inverted phase to provide BPSK modulation. Since the output power is low, overall TX efficiency is critical, and informs the design choices for LO generation, modulation, and channel multiplexing. A low voltage design (0.7V) coupled with rail-to-rail swing on all RF nodes is used for improved power efficiency. Full swing on the oscillator minimizes shortcircuit current in the buffers, while full swing at the input of the PA maximizes overdrive. The TX is designed for a datarate of 1Mb/s and supports three simple modulation schemes: OOK, BPSK and MSK, all with pulse-shaping capability. 2x over an NMOS-only implementation via current re-use. The oscillator consumes 150 W. A digitally controlled capacitor bank, C MSK , tunes the oscillator center frequency over a 600kHz range with a 9.5kHz step-size, which is sufficient for 1Mb/s GMSK modulation. The measured phase noise at the antenna is −132dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset. The oscillators have a startup time <4 s, permitting aggressive TX duty-cycling. Multi-Channel Transmitter ArchitectureThe outputs of the three FBAR oscillators are multiplexed using transmission gates onto a resona...

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A 46% Efficient 0.8dBm Transmitter for Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

A Design Methodology for Energy Harvesting: With a Case Study on the Structured Development of a System to Power a Condition Monitoring Unit

A Design Methodology for Energy Harvesting: With a Case Study on the Structured Development of a System to Power a Condition Monitoring Unit

A MT-CDMA based wireless body area network for ubiquitous healthcare monitoring

A 440pJ/bit 1Mb/s 2.4GHz multi-channel FBAR-based TX and an integrated pulse-shaping PA

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