A 4-Day Incubation Period of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in a Nonimmune Patient in Ghana: A Case Report

Orish, Verner N.; Afutu, Leslie L; Ayodele, Oladapo; Likaj, Lorena; Marinkovic, Aleksandra; Sanyaolu, Adekunle

doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy169

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Malaria is a mosquito-transmitted infection that affects 219 million people and causes 435 thousand deaths worldwide [ 1 ]. Among the 5 Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans, Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most severe forms of malaria [ 2 ]. In Vietnam, P. falciparum is the most prevalent malaria parasite followed by Plasmodium vivax [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of treatment failures of plasmodium falciparum malaria in Vietnam: a 4-year single‐centre retrospective study

Duong

Pham

Nguyen

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background Drug-resistant falciparum malaria is an increasing public health burden. This study examined the magnitude of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the patterns and predictors of treatment failure in Vietnam. Methods Medical records of all 443 patients with malaria infection admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases between January 2015 and December 2018 were used to extract information on demographics, risk factors, symptoms, laboratory tests, treatment, and outcome. Results More than half (59.8%, 265/443, CI 55.1–64.4%) of patients acquired Plasmodium falciparum infection of whom 21.9% (58/265, CI 17.1–27.4%) had severe malaria, while 7.2% (19/265, CI 4.6–10.9%) and 19.2% (51/265, CI 14.7–24.5%) developed early treatment failure (ETF) and late treatment failure (LTF) respectively. Among 58 patients with severe malaria, 14 (24.1%) acquired infection in regions where artemisinin resistance has been documented including Binh Phuoc (11 patients), Dak Nong (2 patients) and Gia Lai (1 patient). Under treatment with intravenous artesunate, the median (IQR) parasite half-life of 11 patients coming from Binh Phuoc was 3 h (2.3 to 8.3 h), two patients coming from Dak Nong was 2.8 and 5.7 h, and a patient coming from Gia Lai was 6.5 h. Most patients (98.5%, 261/265) recovered completely. Four patients with severe malaria died. Severe malaria was statistically associated with receiving treatment at previous hospitals (P < 0.001), hepatomegaly (P < 0.001) and number of inpatient days (P < 0.001). Having severe malaria was a predictor of ETF (AOR 6.96, CI 2.55–19.02, P < 0.001). No predictor of LTF was identified. Conclusions Plasmodium falciparum remains the prevalent malaria parasite. Despite low mortality rate, severe malaria is not rare and is a significant predictor of ETF. To reduce the risk for ETF, studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of combination therapy including parenteral artesunate and a parenteral partner drug for severe malaria. The study alerts the possibility of drug-resistant malaria in Africa and other areas in Vietnam, which are known as non-endemic areas of anti-malarial drug resistance. A more comprehensive study using molecular technique in these regions is required to completely understand the magnitude of drug-resistant malaria and to design appropriate control strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of treatment failures of plasmodium falciparum malaria in Vietnam: a 4-year single‐centre retrospective study

Duong

Pham

Nguyen

et al. 2021

Malar J

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“…This results in a faster and increased rate of malaria parasite transmission from an infected person to a healthy individual. The incubation period (intrinsic) within the body of the newly infected individual can also vary and may be as short as four days [ 50 ]. Our data suggest that malaria incidence declined at a temperature below 15.6 °C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in Risks of Malaria Associated with Climatic Variability among Women, Children and Elderly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

Emeto

Adegboye

Rumi

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Malaria occurrence in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh varies by season and year, but this pattern is not well characterized. The role of environmental conditions on the occurrence of this vector-borne parasitic disease in the region is not fully understood. We extracted information on malaria patients recorded in the Upazila (sub-district) Health Complex patient registers of Rajasthali in Rangamati district of Bangladesh from February 2000 to November 2009. Weather data for the study area and period were obtained from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department. Non-linear and delayed effects of meteorological drivers, including temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on the incidence of malaria, were investigated. We observed significant positive association between temperature and rainfall and malaria occurrence, revealing two peaks at 19 °C (logarithms of relative risks (logRR) = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.1–7.5) and 24.5 °C (logRR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.8–7.6) for temperature and at 86 mm (logRR = 19.5, 95% CI: 11.7–27.3) and 284 mm (logRR = 17.6, 95% CI: 9.9–25.2) for rainfall. In sub-group analysis, women were at a much higher risk of developing malaria at increased temperatures. People over 50 years and children under 15 years were more susceptible to malaria at increased rainfall. The observed associations have policy implications. Further research is needed to expand these findings and direct resources to the vulnerable populations for malaria prevention and control in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh and the region with similar settings.

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“…Malaria cases diagnosed within 7 days from the start of a trip were not included in the analysis because the incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum malaria typically ranges from 7 to 14 days depending on the immune status of the individual. [25][26][27] Characteristics of study participants and individual trips were reported as proportions for categorical variables and medians with interquartile ranges for continuous variables.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Diagnosed in an Urban Setting Strongly Associated with Recent Overnight Travel: A Case–Control Study from Kampala, Uganda

Arinaitwe

Mpimbaza

Nankabirwa

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Malaria is frequently diagnosed in urban Kampala, despite low transmission intensity. To evaluate the association between recent travel out of Kampala and malaria, we conducted a matched case-control study. Cases were febrile outpatients with a positive malaria test; controls were febrile outpatients with a negative test. For every two cases, five controls were selected, matching on age. Data were collected on recent overnight travel out of Kampala (past 60 days), destination and duration of travel, and behavioral factors, including sleeping under an insecticide-treated net (ITN) during travel. From July to August 2019, 162 cases and 405 controls were enrolled. The locations of residence of cases and controls were similar. More controls were female (62.7% versus 46.3%, P < 0.001). Overall, 158 (27.9%) participants reported recent overnight travel. Travelers were far more likely to be diagnosed with malaria than those who did not travel (80.

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A 4-Day Incubation Period of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in a Nonimmune Patient in Ghana: A Case Report

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Predictors of treatment failures of plasmodium falciparum malaria in Vietnam: a 4-year single‐centre retrospective study

Predictors of treatment failures of plasmodium falciparum malaria in Vietnam: a 4-year single‐centre retrospective study

Disparities in Risks of Malaria Associated with Climatic Variability among Women, Children and Elderly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

Malaria Diagnosed in an Urban Setting Strongly Associated with Recent Overnight Travel: A Case–Control Study from Kampala, Uganda

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