A 39-Year-Old “Adultolescent”: Understanding Social Withdrawal in Japan

Kato, Takahiro A.; Kanba, Shigenobu; Teo, Alan R.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15081034

Cited by 39 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…In 2010, the Oxford Dictionary published a new entry for the word hikikomori , signifying its presence and acceptance outside of a purely Japanese context. The Oxford Dictionary 's definition is: ‘(in Japan) the abnormal avoidance of social contact, typically by adolescent males.’ Hitherto hikikomori had been discussed as a culture‐bound syndrome unique to Japan (as it is defined in the Oxford Dictionary ) but we, the authors, now consider the condition to be far more global and perhaps better understood as a ‘contemporary society‐bound syndrome.’ Hikikomori negatively impacts not only the affected individual's mental health, but also population‐level education and workforce stability and as such is an urgent issue in the administration of health, welfare, and labor in Japan …”

Section: Appearance Of Hikikomorimentioning

confidence: 99%

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Kato

Kanba

Teo

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Hikikomori, a severe form of social withdrawal, has long been observed in Japan mainly among youth and adolescents since around the 1970s, and has been especially highlighted since the late 1990s. Moreover, hikikomori‐like cases have recently been reported in many other countries. Hikikomori negatively influences not only the individual's mental health and social participation, but also wider education and workforce stability, and as such is a novel urgent global issue. In this review, we introduce the history, definition, diagnostic evaluation, and interventions for hikikomori and also the international prevalence of hikikomori outside Japan. We propose a hypothesis regarding the globalization of hikikomori based on domestic and international perspectives. In addition, we introduce our latest assessment system for hikikomori (including the latest version of the ‘proposed diagnostic criteria of hikikomori for the future DSM/ICD diagnostic systems’) and propose therapeutic strategies, including family approaches and individualized therapies. Finally, we present future challenges that may lead to solutions for an internationalized hikikomori.

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Section: Appearance Of Hikikomorimentioning

confidence: 99%

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Kato

Kanba

Teo

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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150

203

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“…The Japanese sociocultural background has been traditionally permeated by "amae" (accepting overdependent behaviors) and shame, which may underlie the culture-bound syndrome called Taijin Kyofusho (a severe form of social phobia) as well as hikikomori 5,6 . Parent-child relationships in Japan have long been considered less oedipal than in Western societies and marked by an absent father and an extremely prolonged and close bond to the mother, which may result in difficulty to become independent 7 .…”

Section: Claudia Catanimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…against women 6 . In addition, violence related to both the war and family conflicts contributes independently to children's psychopathology.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hikikomori: experience in Japan and international relevance

2018

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“…Especially, Low Self‐Esteem was shown to have high levels of relation with Avoidant Personality Tendency. Avoidant personality is suggested to be linked to hikikomori , a severe form of social withdrawal syndrome, originally observed in Japan and now seen in worldwide . Kato et al have proposed the possible commonality and significant interaction between MTD and hikikomori , while the relation has not been well clarified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of the 22‐item Tarumi's Modern‐Type Depression Trait Scale: Avoidance of Social Roles, Complaint, and Low Self‐Esteem (TACS‐22)

Kato

Katsuki

Kubo

et al. 2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Aim Understanding premorbid personality is important, especially when considering treatment selection. Historically, the premorbid personality of patients with major depression in Japan was described as Shuchaku‐kishitsu [similar to Typus melancholicus], as proposed by Shimoda in the 1930s. Since around 2000, there have been increased reports in Japan of young adults with depression who have had premorbid personality differing from the traditional type. In 2005, Tarumi termed this novel condition ‘dysthymic‐type depression,’ and more recently the condition has been called Shin‐gata/Gendai‐gata Utsu‐byo [modern‐type depression (MTD)]. We recently developed a semi‐structured diagnostic interview to evaluate MTD. Development of a tool that enables understanding of premorbid personality in a short time, especially at the early stage of treatment, is desirable. The object of this study was to develop a self‐report scale to evaluate the traits of MTD, and to assess the scale's psychometric properties, diagnostic accuracy, and biological validity. Methods A sample of 340 participants from clinical and community settings completed measures. Psychometric properties were assessed with factor analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of the MTD traits was compared against a semi‐structured interview. Results The questionnaire contained 22 items across three subscales, thus we termed it the 22‐item Tarumi's Modern‐Type Depression Trait Scale: Avoidance of Social Roles, Complaint, and Low Self‐Esteem (TACS‐22). Internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity were all satisfactory. Among patients with major depression, the area under the curve was 0.757 (sensitivity of 63.1% and specificity of 82.9%) and the score was positively correlated with plasma tryptophan. Conclusion The TACS‐22 possessed adequate psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy in an initial sample of Japanese adults. Additional research on its ability to support clinical assessment of MTD is warranted.

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A 39-Year-Old “Adultolescent”: Understanding Social Withdrawal in Japan

Cited by 39 publications

References 8 publications

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Hikikomori: experience in Japan and international relevance

Development and validation of the 22‐item Tarumi's Modern‐Type Depression Trait Scale: Avoidance of Social Roles, Complaint, and Low Self‐Esteem (TACS‐22)

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