A 38-Year Climatology of Explosive Cyclones over the Northern Hemisphere

Fu, Gang; Sun, Yan; Sun, Junying; Li, Pengyuan

doi:10.1007/s00376-019-9106-x

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In the Northern Hemisphere, ECs occurred frequently over the Northwestern Pacific and the Northwestern Atlantic (Rogers and Bosart, 1986;Lim and Simmonds, 2002;Iwao et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2017;Fu et al, 2020), especially over the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension regions (Roebber, 1984;Gyakum et al, 1989;Wang and Rogers, 2001;Allen et al, 2010;Zwiers, 2016a, 2016b). The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio/ Kuroshio Extension supply abundant moisture and turbulent (sensible and latent) heat fluxes, which favor the rapid development of ECs through increasing the latent heat release and decreasing atmospheric stability (Nuss and Kamikawa 1990;Kuo et al, 1991b;Reed et al, 1993b;Takayabu et al, 1996;Booth et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Process Contributions to the Development of a Super Explosive Cyclone Over the Gulf Stream

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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Contributions of different physical processes to the development of a super explosive cyclone (SEC) migrating over the Gulf Stream with the maximum deepening rate of 3.45 Bergeron were investigated using the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The evolution of the SEC resembled the Shapiro-Keyser model. The moisture transported to the bent-back front by easterlies from Gulf Stream favored precipitation and enhanced the latent heat release. The bent-back front and warm front were dominated by the water vapor convergence in the mid-low troposphere, the cyclonic-vorticity advection in the mid-upper troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere. These factors favored the rapid development of the SEC, but their contributions showed significant differences during the explosive-developing stage. The diagnostic results based on the Zwack-Okossi equation suggested that the early explosive development of the SEC was mainly forced by the diabatic heating in the mid-low troposphere. From the early explosive-developing moment to maximum-deepening-rate moment, the diabatic heating, warm-air advection and cyclonic-vorticity advection were all enhanced significantly, their combination forced the most explosive development, and the diabatic heating had the biggest contribution, followed by the warm-air advection and cyclonic-vorticity advection, which is different from the previous studies of ECs over the Northwestern Atlantic. The cross section of these factors suggested that during the rapid development, the cyclonic-vorticity advection was distributed and enhanced significantly in the mid-low troposphere, the warm-air advection was strengthened significantly in the mid-low and upper troposphere, and the diabatic heating was distributed in the middle troposphere.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Process Contributions to the Development of a Super Explosive Cyclone Over the Gulf Stream

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…4b-c), and although a higher deepening rate leads to a faster decrease of central SLP, it is not a guarantee for stronger surface wind. Fu et al (2020) choose a wind speed of 17.2 m s −1 as the threshold value in the definition of ECs, since the major threat of cyclones to shipping safety is due to strong wind.…”

Section: Cyclone Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The landmark study of Sanders and Gyakum (1980) defined them as the extratropical cyclones with central sea-level pressures (SLPs) fall at least 24 hPa a day when adjusted geostrophically to 60 °N. This criteria for ECs was modified by following studies to consider lower latitudes of EC occurrence (Roebber 1984;Gyakum et al 1989;Yoshida and Asuma 2004;Zhang et al 2017), shorter time interval of pressure fall (Petty and Miller 1995;Yoshida and Asuma 2004;Zhang et al 2017), and maximum wind speed at 10 m (Fu et al 2020), which may lead to statistical variations, yet nearly all the related studies (Chen et al 1992;Wang and Rogers 2001;Lim and Simmonds 2002;Yoshida and Asuma 2004;Zhang et al 2017;Fu et al 2020) marked the offshore East Asia as one of the most frequent areas for explosive cyclogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Initial Developments Between Explosive and Ordinary Mid-latitude Cyclones Off the East Asian Coast in Winter

Gao

Yang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Explosive cyclones (ECs) off the East Asian coast post challenges in forecasting and significant threats to human life and property. In searching for the key features that distinguish explosive cyclones (ECs) from ordinary extratropical cyclones (OCs), this study presents detailed comparison of winter ECs versus OCs in the perspective of potential vorticity (PV) using 10 years of reanalysis data with high temporal and spatial resolutions. ECs feature greater low-level baroclinity and stronger PV than OCs. The decomposition of local PV tendency shows the important contribution of cold advection (with correlation coefficient of 0.8) in the initial development of ECs. A stronger cold advection for ECs increases upstream static stability, leading to intrusion of higher PV along the steeper isentropic surfaces. The importance of cold advection is further proved by numerical experiments with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model on a typical winter EC. The weakening of cold advection within low-troposphere in sensitivity experiment can significantly decrease PV and stop the cyclone from explosive deepening. In addition to the consensus that diabatic processes play important roles in the intensification of explosive cyclogenesis, this study emphasizes the importance of horizontal cold advection (which is also associated with baroclinic instability) in the preconditioning PV for explosive cyclogenesis.

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“…During its stage of rapid development, an EC can induce cold waves, billows and blizzards, all of which have tremendous destructive power. Consequently, this type of cyclone has long been a research focus for meteorologists (e.g., Sanders and Gyakum, 1980;Bosart, 1981;Uccellini et al, 1985;Sanders, 1987;Jia and Zhao, 1994;Davis et al, 1996;Browning, 2004;Yoshida and Asuma, 2004;Lagouvardos et al, 2007;Kuwano-Yoshida and Asuma, 2008;Kouroutzoglou et al, 2011aKouroutzoglou et al, , 2011bYamamoto, 2012;Fu et al, 2014;Hirata et al, 2015;Fu et al, 2018;Schultz et al, 2018;Brâncus ¸et al, 2019;Fu et al, 2020). Strong winds are another important type of disastrous weather that are caused by ECs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a few previous studies (e.g., Rossa et al, 2000;Novak et al, 2010;Campins et al, 2011;Čampa and Wernli, 2012;Binder et al, 2016;Pang and Fu, 2017) have discussed cyclones' vertical structures, they did not directly focus on the closed cyclone centres at different vertical levels, instead, they used positive PV and/or cyclonic vorticity as an alternative. This would introduce errors into the analysis, as positive PV and/or cyclonic vorticity centres are not equivalent to real cyclones (Flocas et al, 2010;Fu et al, 2016Fu et al, , 2020, which would result in a notable false alarm rate (Colle et al, 2013). Moreover, in many situations, the closed cyclone centre shows a notable distance to the centres of PV and cyclonic vorticity (Fu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface wind and vertical extent features of the explosive cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere based on the ERA‐I reanalysis data

Jiang

Sun

et al. 2021

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Although explosive cyclones (ECs) have long been a focus of research, there remains a lack of knowledge of the statistical characteristics of their associated maximum surface winds and vertical extents. This study fills this gap by conducting a targeted statistical analysis of ECs in the Northern Hemisphere using the ERA-I reanalysis data during a 40-year period. Some new findings are obtained: (a) The average location of formation of ECs undergoes a notable westward and equatorward shift from September to April in the next year which is consistent with the location variations of sea surface temperature's strong gradients in subtropical regions. (b) Extreme ECs with a deepening rate more than 2.0 Bergeron or with a longer lifespan more than 10 days tend to have a larger occurrence number over the Northern Atlantic Ocean than over the Northern Pacific. (c) The maximum surface wind associated with an EC tends to appear between the EC reaching its maximum deepening rate and reaching its minimum central pressure. (d) The northeastern quadrant of ECs accounts for the highest proportion of maximum surface wind and strongest wind speed, as the baroclinic energy conversion is generally strongest in this quadrant. (e) Over 60% of ECs belong to a type of vertically deep cyclone (ECs' top levels show close relationship to ascending motions within their central regions), and they tend to reach their maximum vertical extent around the time when they reach their minimum central pressures. (f ) The highest top levels of ECs exhibit an overall upward extending trend as their minimum central pressure decreases or their maximum deepening rate increases.

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A 38-Year Climatology of Explosive Cyclones over the Northern Hemisphere

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Physical Process Contributions to the Development of a Super Explosive Cyclone Over the Gulf Stream

Physical Process Contributions to the Development of a Super Explosive Cyclone Over the Gulf Stream

A Comparison of Initial Developments Between Explosive and Ordinary Mid-latitude Cyclones Off the East Asian Coast in Winter

Surface wind and vertical extent features of the explosive cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere based on the ERA‐I reanalysis data

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