A 32-country comparison of tobacco smoke derived particle levels in indoor public places

Hyland, Andrew; Travers, Mark J.; Dresler, Carolyn; Higbee, Cheryl; Cummings, K. Michael

doi:10.1136/tc.2007.020479

Cited by 145 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Therefore, these results may not be representative of all public venues in Gaza city. However, the levels measured are consistent with monitoring conducting in many other jurisdictions around the world which have not banned indoor smoking [13][14][15]. Finally, smoking may not have been the only source of indoor particulate pollution.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…A calibration factor of 0.32 was applied to all data, which is appropriate for SHS measurement with the SidePak monitor [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, these data are consistent with measurements taken from indoor public venues in other EMR countries. For example, high PM 2.5 levels have been found in indoor public venues with observed smoking in Syria (372 µg/m 3 ), Tunisia (328 µg/m 3 ) and Lebanon (342 µg/m 3 ) [13][14][15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such research has helped to educate the public and policy-makers about the dangers of SHS and has been instrumental in informing smoke-free policies [12]. SHS air quality monitoring has previously been conducted within the EMR and has identified dangerous levels of particulate matter in smoking public venues in Lebanon, Pakistan, Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia [13][14][15]. To date, no known research has been conducted on SHS emissions in the Palestinian Authority, where economic and political uncertainty and instability have created unique public health challenges, and where effective preventive health policies are needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Second-hand smoke and indoor air quality in public places in Gaza city

Abuelaish

et al. 2013

East Mediterr Health J

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Second-hand smoke is a major cause of preventable disease and death in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. To assess how second-hand smoke impacts air quality, respirable suspended particles (PM 2.5 ), which are emitted during cigarette and waterpipe smoking, were measured inside and outside of 18 smoking and 5 nonsmoking public venues in Gaza city. Median PM 2.5 level inside the smoking venues was 117 µg/m 3 , which exceeds the WHO guidelines for daily PM 2.5 exposure (25 µg/m 3 ) by more than 4-fold. The median level inside the smoking venues (117 µg/m 3 ) was significantly higher than outside the venues (43 µg/m 3 ), and significantly higher than the median level inside non-smoking venues (40 µg/m 3 ). By contrast, particulate levels outside non-smoking venues (35 µg/m 3 ) did not differ from the corresponding levels inside (40 µg/m 3 ). To protect employees and the public from second-hand smoke exposure, policies prohibiting smoking in public places are needed in Gaza city. Tabagisme passif et qualité de l'air intérieur dans des lieux publics de la ville de GazaRÉSUMÉ Le tabagisme passif est une cause majeure de morbi-mortalité évitable dans la Région de la Méditerranée orientale. Pour évaluer l'impact du tabagisme passif sur la qualité de l'air, les particules respirables en suspension (PM 2,5 ) émises pendant la consommation de cigarettes et de pipes à eau ont été mesurées à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de 18 lieux publics fumeurs et 5 lieux publics non-fumeurs de la ville de Gaza. Le taux de PM 2,5 moyen à l'intérieur des lieux fumeurs était de 117 µg/m 3 , un taux plus de quatre fois supérieur aux recommandations de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé pour l'exposition quotidienne aux particules fines (25 µg/m 3 ). Le taux intérieur médian des lieux fumeurs (117 µg/m 3 ) était nettement supérieur au taux extérieur (43 µg/m 3 ) et significativement supérieur au taux intérieur médian des lieux non-fumeurs (40 µg/m 3 ). En revanche, les taux de particules à l'extérieur des lieux non-fumeurs (35 µg/m 3 ) et à l'intérieur de ces mêmes lieux (40 µg/m 3 ) étaient similaires. Afin de protéger les employés et le public de l'exposition au tabagisme passif, des politiques interdisant le tabagisme dans les lieux publics sont nécessaires dans la ville de Gaza.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…A calibration factor of 0.32 was applied to all data, which is appropriate for SHS measurement with the SidePak monitor [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Second-hand smoke and indoor air quality in public places in Gaza city

Abuelaish

et al. 2013

East Mediterr Health J

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“…Airborne markers, such as vapour-phase nicotine or respirable suspended particles indicate the mean exposure level in a specific setting, and are easier to obtain than biological samples [8]. Among respirable suspended particles, those with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mm (commonly known as fine particles or PM2.5) are widely used for SHS assessment in enclosed settings [9][10][11]. PM2.5 originate from all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, residential wood burning, forest fires, some industrial processes, etc.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Second-hand smoke exposure in a sample of European hospitals

Fernández¹,

Martı́nez²,

Fu³

et al. 2009

European Respiratory Journal

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Smoking in hospitals is banned in many European countries; nevertheless, the level of compliance is diverse, and, in some cases, smoking areas remain. The present study describes the levels of second-hand smoke, as derived from respirable suspended particle measurements, in a sample of European hospitals during the year 2007.The present study was a multicentric descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in 30 hospitals in seven European countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Romania and Spain). Particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mm (PM2.5) concentration was measured by means of a hand-held laser-operated monitor of particle size and mass concentration in six selected indoor locations. Medians and interquartile ranges of PM2.5 concentration were computed in order to describe the data by country and location of measurement.The median PM2.5 concentration in all countries and locations was 3.0 mg?m -3 , with half of the measurements ranging 2.0-7.0 mg?m -3 . PM2.5 levels were similar across countries. Eleven (5.5%) measurements were .25.0 mg?m -3 , which is the 24-h mean limit recommended by the World Health Organization outdoor air quality guideline.The present results show that exposure to second-hand smoke in this sample of European hospitals is very low, and can be easily monitored in order to ensure smoke-free legislation compliance.

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The level of particulate matter (PM_2.5) in several indoor public venues

Al‐Harbi¹,

Buhamra

2018

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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Indoor air pollution in developing countries is a public health problem deserving of urgent attention. The aim of this study was to assess indoor second‐hand smoke (SHS) exposure via PM2.5 (fine particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) level measurements in several public venues in Kuwait. The PM2.5 mean, median, and interquartile range (IQR) values for nonsmoking areas were; respectively, 28, 24, 32 μg/m3 while the corresponding values for smoking areas were 274, 222, 288 μg/m3 in the absence of water pipe usage and 1434, 1001, 964 μg/m3 in the presence of water pipes, respectively. Differences among the three tested venues (nonsmoking, smoking with and without water pipes) were statistically significant (F = 330.7, P < 0.001). The air quality index (AQI) results showed that nonsmoking areas were mostly classified as either “Good” or “Moderate” whereas the classification in smoking areas varied between “Moderate” to “Hazardous.” Adverse health outcomes from exposure to PM2.5 were also evaluated. The estimated lifetime lung cancer and cardiopulmonary risks in nonsmoking area were 4 × 10−3 and 3 × 10−3, respectively. In smoking areas, the risks were more than sixfold and 30‐fold increases of cancer and cardiopulmonary relative to nonsmoking areas without and with water pipes, respectively. In smoking venues, the relative ratio values were 1.26 and 1.16 with no water pipe and 1.86 and 1.51 when water pipe usage was observed, for lung cancer and cardiopulmonary mortality, respectively. These values reveal that people, especially the young and elderly, occupying or visiting these venues are susceptible to lung cancer and cardiopulmonary mortality. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13096, 2019

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A 32-country comparison of tobacco smoke derived particle levels in indoor public places

Cited by 145 publications

References 16 publications

Second-hand smoke and indoor air quality in public places in Gaza city

Second-hand smoke and indoor air quality in public places in Gaza city

Second-hand smoke exposure in a sample of European hospitals

The level of particulate matter (PM_2.5) in several indoor public venues

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A 32-country comparison of tobacco smoke derived particle levels in indoor public places

Cited by 145 publications

References 16 publications

Second-hand smoke and indoor air quality in public places in Gaza city

Second-hand smoke and indoor air quality in public places in Gaza city

Second-hand smoke exposure in a sample of European hospitals

The level of particulate matter (PM2.5) in several indoor public venues

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The level of particulate matter (PM_2.5) in several indoor public venues