Modern Earth science suffers from fragmentation into a large number of sub-disciplines with limited dialog between them, and artificial distinctions between the results based on different approaches. This problem has been particularly acute in lithospheric research, where different geophysical techniques have given rise to a multitude of definitions of the lithosphereseismic, thermal, electrical, mechanical, and petrological. This book presents a coherent synthesis of the state-of-the art in lithosphere studies based on a full set of geophysical methods (seismic reflection, refraction, and receiver function methods; elastic and anelastic seismic tomography; electromagnetic, magnetotelluric, thermal and gravity methods; and rheological modeling), complemented by petrologic data on mantle xenoliths and laboratory data on rock properties. It also provides a critical discussion of the uncertainties, assumptions, and resolution issues that are inherent in the different methods and models. Most importantly, it discusses the relationships between methods and presents directions for their integration to achieve a better understanding of the processes that affect the lithosphere and thereby shape the Earth on which we live. Multidisciplinary in scope, global in geographical extent, and covering a wide variety of tectonic settings over 3.5 billion years of Earth history, this book presents a comprehensive overview of lithospheric structure and evolution. It is a core reference for researchers and advanced students in geophysics, geodynamics, tectonics, petrology, and geochemistry, and for petroleum and mining industry professionals.