A 28-GHz Switched-Beam Antenna with Integrated Butler Matrix and Switch for 5G Applications

Lee, Sujae; Lee, Yongho; Shin, Hyunchol

doi:10.3390/s21155128

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(150 reference statements)

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“…The authors attribute the excess insertion loss around 4 dB and the low efficiency between 29% and 36% to the MSL technology. Single-layer PCB implementations of 4 × 4 MSL Butler matrices integrated with a 1 × 4 patch array are investigated in [23] and [24]. The former uses an aluminum enclosure to suppress undesired radiation originating from the beamforming network.…”

Section: State-of-the-art Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 4 × 4 Millimeterwave-Frequency Butler Matrix in Grounded Co-Planar Waveguide Technology for Compact Integration With 5G Antenna Arrays

Messem

Moerman

Caytan

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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This article presents a novel 4 × 4 Butler matrix implemented in the grounded co-planar waveguide (GCPW) technology, compactly integrated with a highly efficient and broadband 1 × 4 air-filled substrate integrated waveguide (AFSIW) cavity-backed patch antenna array (AA), giving rise to a broad operational frequency range [23.75, 31 GHz] (26.5%) covering the n257, n258, and n261 fifth-generation (5G) bands. Three novel quadrature hybrid couplers and two crossovers are designed and compared to obtain the optimal building blocks for the Butler matrix. Within each of the supported 5G bands, the measured excess insertion loss of the optimized Butler matrix remains smaller than 3.5 dB with a maximal amplitude imbalance of ±0.9 dB. Isolation between input ports is higher than 16.4 dB. A maximal measured realized gain of 12.3 dBi is obtained for the Butler matrix with integrated 1 × 4 AA while ensuring a −3-dB beamwidth coverage of 110 • . The main beamsteering directions of [−40 • , −14 • , 14 • , 40 • ] exhibit measured deviations that stay within ±3 • . The fabricated Butler matrix with AA features a very compact footprint of 21.4 mm × 46.0 mm × 2 mm [2λ 0 × 4.3λ 0 × 0.2λ 0 ].

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Section: State-of-the-art Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 4 × 4 Millimeterwave-Frequency Butler Matrix in Grounded Co-Planar Waveguide Technology for Compact Integration With 5G Antenna Arrays

Messem

Moerman

Caytan

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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“…But increase in the number of switches leads to increase the complexity of the design. Tus it is better to use from other beam steering methods [23][24][25].…”

Section: Implementation Of the Beam Switchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design a Multistub Array Antenna at 28 GHz with Beam Switching Ability

Lak

2022

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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In this paper, a Millimeter Wave antenna is designed which has a compact, lightweight and planar configuration. The frequency band is 27–29.5 GHz as a candidate band for 5G/millimeter Wave (mmW) systems. The antenna structure is similar to Quasi Yagi antenna which has driver, director, feeding part, and reflector. Substrate Integrated Waveguide used for feeding part of single element antenna and Wilkinson power divider used for antenna array feeding network. The proposed antenna has been simulated, fabricated, and measured (S11, E, and H pattern). The simulation and measurement values showed good similarity. The switched line phase shifter used to consider the beam steering (rotation) ability of the designed antenna which is important in (mmW) systems such as RADARs and mobile handsets. To evaluate this ability, for 0 ° , 30 ° , 45 ° , and 90 ° phase differences, the beam steering angle ( θ ) simulated and also for − 90 ° and 90 ° implemented. The results showed that the efficiency, S11, and E patterns in the rotated beam is suitable and without degradation in antenna operation. To simulate and evaluate the designed antenna HFSS and CST Software are used.

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“…We can find that the architecture has been adopted by a variety of 20–60 GHz-band RF receivers developed for a variety of target applications, for example, the 20–30 GHz FMCW and UWB radar applications [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], 28 GHz 5G applications [ 11 ], and 60 GHz wireless local-area network (also known as WiGig) applications [ 12 , 13 ]. The quadrature down-conversion architecture is also advantageous considering that it is seamlessly combinable with a millimeter-wave beamforming circuit, either in active type [ 11 ] or in passive type [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 24 GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion RF Receiver with I/Q Mismatch Calibration for Radar Sensor Applications

Lee

Kim²,

Shin³

2022

Sensors

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A 24 GHz millimeter-wave direct-conversion radio-frequency (RF) receiver with wide-range and precise I/Q mismatch calibration is designed in 65 nm CMOS technology for radar sensor applications. The CMOS RF receiver is based on a quadrature direct-conversion architecture. Analytic relations are derived to clearly exhibit the individual contributions of the I/Q amplitude and phase mismatches to the image-rejection ratio (IRR) degradation, which provides a useful design guide for determining the range and resolution of the I/Q mismatch calibration circuit. The designed CMOS RF receiver comprises a low-noise amplifier, quadrature down-conversion mixer, baseband amplifier, and quadrature LO generator. Controlling the individual gate bias voltages of the switching FETs in the down-conversion mixer having a resistive load is found to induce significant changes at the amplitude and phase of the output signal. In the calibration process, the mixer gate bias tuning is first performed for the amplitude mismatch calibration, and the remaining phase mismatch is then calibrated out by the varactor capacitance tuning at the LO buffer’s LC load. Implemented in 65 nm CMOS process, the RF receiver achieves 31.5 dB power gain, −35.2 dBm input-referred 1 dB compression power, and 4.8–7.1 dB noise figure across 22.5–26.1 GHz band, while dissipating 106.2 mA from a 1.2 V supply. The effectiveness of the proposed I/Q mismatch calibration is successfully verified by observing that the amplitude and phase mismatches are improved from 1.0–1.5 dB to 0.02–0.19 dB, and from 10.8–23.8 to 1.1–3.2 degrees, respectively.

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A 28-GHz Switched-Beam Antenna with Integrated Butler Matrix and Switch for 5G Applications

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

A 4 × 4 Millimeterwave-Frequency Butler Matrix in Grounded Co-Planar Waveguide Technology for Compact Integration With 5G Antenna Arrays

A 4 × 4 Millimeterwave-Frequency Butler Matrix in Grounded Co-Planar Waveguide Technology for Compact Integration With 5G Antenna Arrays

Design a Multistub Array Antenna at 28 GHz with Beam Switching Ability

A 24 GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion RF Receiver with I/Q Mismatch Calibration for Radar Sensor Applications

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