“…T ECHNOLOGY advancement such as faster processors, multimedia extension algorithms, serial buses, and accelerated graphics ports is driving the need for a memory system with higher bandwidth and larger density. Doubledata-rate (DDR) synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) [1], [2] is an appropriate memory solution for systems ranging from multimedia-intensive PC's, high-end workstations, and servers to embedded communications systems such as graphics, cache, and main memory. DDR SDRAM, being an evolutionary architecture from SDRAM, features the doubled data rate at both the rising and falling edges of the clock and the use of the bidirectional data strobe for accurate data fetching to and from the memory controller.…”