A 25-year retrospective review of visual complaints and illusions associated with a monocular helmet-mounted display

Rash, Clarence E.

doi:10.1016/j.displa.2007.09.011

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In 2003, Hiatt et al 4 investigated the frequency of visual complaints in a combat setting during the first phase of OIF. All of the studies previously conducted were done in relatively benign environments (e.g., training and non-combat missions).…”

Section: Figure 11 Cohort Study Logomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since its fielding in the early 1980s, pilots have reported a host of physical symptoms and visual symptoms and illusions (degraded visual cueing, the presence of visual illusions, and general physical discomfort such as headaches and blurred vision) associated with the system. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Multiple studies over the last three decades have been conducted to evaluate the validity of these reports and to determine the possible source(s) of the complaints. Two studies conducted ten years apart, in 1990 and 2000, documented these complaints quite well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual issues associated with the use of the integrated helmet and display sighting system (IHADSS) in the Apache helicopter: three decades in review

2008

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In the late 1970s the U.S. Army developed the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) a , which is a helmet-mounted display (HMD) for use in the AH-64 Apache helicopter. The helicopter and the system were designed with the Cold War in mind such that the Apache would be able to stand off far from the frontlines and attack deep targets -primarily tanks -before they could engage our ground forces. The design used a right-sided monocular display optical system that was intended to reduce head-supported weight. This novel monocular design introduced a number of issues that had the potential of causing visual perception problems for pilots. Since the initial fielding of the Apache in the early 1980s, numerous reports have appeared in the literature that evaluated realized visual complaints voiced by Apache aircrew. In this review, the authors provide a summary of seminal reports, surveys, and experiments conducted over the past three decades. The extant literature described investigated these visual issues as the Apache's mission has evolved from the stand-off engagement tactics of the Cold War to the new Apache missions of close air support, deep attack, and raids currently occurring in the Global War on Terrorism.

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Section: Figure 11 Cohort Study Logomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual issues associated with the use of the integrated helmet and display sighting system (IHADSS) in the Apache helicopter: three decades in review

2008

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“…The first complete visually coupled system to achieve operational use was the integrated helmet and display sight system (IHADSS) 14 introduced by the U.S. Army in the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter in 1984. It was a new helmet concept in which the role of the helmet was expanded to provide a visually coupled interface between the aviator and aircraft.…”

Section: Brief Historical Overview Since 1916mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and analysis of avionic helmet-mounted displays

Zhang

Shi

et al. 2013

Opt. Eng

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With the development of new concepts and principles over the past century, helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) have been widely applied. This paper presents a review of avionic HMDs and shows some areas of active and intensive research. This review is focused on the optical design aspects and is divided into three sections to explore new optical design methods, which include an off-axis design, design with freeform optical surface, and design with holographic optical waveguide technology. Building on the fundamentals of optical design and engineering, the principles section primarily expounds on the five optical system parameters, which include weight, field of view, modulation transfer function, exit pupil size, and eye relief. We summarized the previous design works using new components to achieve compact and lightweight HMDs. Moreover, the paper presents a partial summary of the more notable experimental, prototype, fielded, and future HMD fixed-wing and rotary-wing programs. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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“…If the two scenes are dramatically different and do not allow for an interpretation of a scene in depth, the percept tends to be related to only one scene, with the view in one eye suppressing the other (Bishop, 1981). This type of binocular rivalry was one of the biggest concerns about the development of the monocular IHADSS (Rash et al, 2008). A variety of factors are known to influence binocular rivalry including brightness, timing, spatial detail, and color differences.…”

Section: Binocular Rivalry and Attention Switchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive factors

Francis¹,

Rash²

2009

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The opening chapter of this book noted that the primary goal of using helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) is to increase individual and unit performance. To meet such a goal, there must be an accurate transfer of information from the HMD to the user; and this transfer must occur at appropriate times. Ideally, an HMD would be designed to accommodate the abilities and limitations of users' cognitive processes. It is not enough for the information to be displayed (visually, auditorially, or tactually); the information must be perceived, attended, remembered, and organized in a way that guides appropriate decision-making, judgment, and action. Cognitive science emphasizes the scientific study of human cognition through empirical measurements of human behavior. Although philosophers have been interested in human thought for thousands of years, the field of cognitive science is relatively new, barely more than 100 years old. Given that the field is in its infancy, it is not surprising that there are more questions than answers. Indeed, one of the main discoveries of the field is just how difficult human cognition is to explain. Despite tremendous advances and discoveries over the past 100 years, the major problems remain unsolved. Indeed, outside of very constrained situations, it is very difficult to predict the cognitive properties and capabilities of any given individual or group of individuals. To appreciate the complexity of human cognition, consider the task of a Warfighter listening to auditory information with an HMD (this example is modified from a discussion in Willingham (2007), see Chapter 2, The Human-Machine Interface Challenge, for a similar description of processes involved in perception): BASE: Where are you? WARFIGHTER: I have just reached the top of the hill. The whole "conversation" lasts maybe a few seconds, and it might appear that this simple question and answer process is trivial. Indeed, people frequently do this type of activity without any trouble. In reality, though, the processes involved in even this simple behavior are exceptionally complex. Figure 15-1 schematizes some of the processes that must be involved as the Warfighter answers the question. First, the Warfighter must recognize the sounds coming from the HMD as speech rather than other kinds of sounds. Speech interpretation is quite complicated. For example, studies of speech show that there are no clear pauses between spoken words in normal speech. Instead, the end of one word flows in to the beginning of a following word. Nevertheless, the Warfighter interprets the stream of sounds as corresponding to individual words in a sentence. Once the words are recognized, the solider has to interpret the meaning of the sentence. This too is a complex process that depends on the context in which the words are presented. In some contexts, the question might not be a literal request for location, but a statement indicating that the Warfighter is not where he or she should be (e.g., Where are you?). In still other contexts, the word you might refer...

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A 25-year retrospective review of visual complaints and illusions associated with a monocular helmet-mounted display

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

Visual issues associated with the use of the integrated helmet and display sighting system (IHADSS) in the Apache helicopter: three decades in review

Visual issues associated with the use of the integrated helmet and display sighting system (IHADSS) in the Apache helicopter: three decades in review

Review and analysis of avionic helmet-mounted displays

Cognitive factors

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