A 200µm × 200µm × 100µm, 63nW, 2.4GHz injectable fully-monolithic wireless bio-sensing system

O’Driscoll, Stephen; Korhummel, Sean; Cong, Peng; Zou, You; Sankaragomathi, Kannan; Zhu, Jiang; Deyle, Travis; Dastgheib, A.; Lu, Benson; Tierney, Matt; Shao, J.; Gutiérrez, Carlos; Jones, S.; Yao, Huaxiong

doi:10.1109/rfic.2017.7969066

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We lead the SynCells through the channel using a magnet and detect the presence or absence of putrescine. In the future, in situ sensing can be enabled by integrating building blocks for wireless communication using RF 4 or light. 3 We fabricated a maze-like channel with a channel height of 30 μm and a channel width of 500 μm, as shown in Figure 5a (see Supporting Information for fabrication details).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sensing in spatially constrained environments is highly relevant in areas such as microfluidics and biomedical research. For example, in microfluidic devices sensing is essential for analyzing cells, testing new drugs, or enabling inexpensive home health tests. , Inside the human body, implantable microscale sensors are currently being investigated for neural and biosensing, − and sensors as small as red blood cells have been proposed to detect diseases on a cellular level . To address these applications, it is desirable to have micrometer-scale sensors that can be easily deployed and require little infrastructure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Autonomous microsystems are a promising solution for sensing in constrained spaces, offering a high degree of flexibility without external wires. One way such microsystems can be built is by heavily leveraging CMOS integration to miniaturize electronic sensing systems into a single sub-millimeter package, sometimes referred to as Smart Dust. , Several silicon-based autonomous sensor nodes with sizes down to a few hundred micrometers have been demonstrated, mainly for medical and biosensing applications. − ,− However, such systems are still too large to enter microfluidic channels or blood vessels. Designing CMOS-based microsystems below 100 μm in size is exceedingly difficult since complex circuitry such as microcontrollers are no longer feasible even with advanced technology nodes and energy available from storage or harvesting elements is severely limited to a few microwatts at best. ,, …”

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SynCells: A 60 × 60 μm² Electronic Platform with Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments

et al. 2021

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Autonomous electronic microsystems smaller than the diameter of a human hair (<100 μm) are promising for sensing in confined spaces such as microfluidic channels or the human body. However, they are difficult to implement due to fabrication challenges and limited power budget. Here we present a 60 × 60 μm electronic microsystem platform, or SynCell, that overcomes these issues by leveraging the integration capabilities of two-dimensional material circuits and the low power consumption of passive germanium timers, memory-like chemical sensors, and magnetic pads. In a proofof-concept experiment, we magnetically positioned SynCells in a microfluidic channel to detect putrescine. After we extracted them from the channel, we successfully read out the timer and sensor signal, the latter of which can be amplified by an onboard transistor circuit. The concepts developed here will be applicable to microsystems targeting a variety of applications from microfluidic sensing to biomedical research.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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SynCells: A 60 × 60 μm² Electronic Platform with Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments

et al. 2021

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On‐Chip Batteries for Dust‐Sized Computers

Zhu

Bandari

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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are thus able to "walk" inside of everything to develop ubiquitous computing. In fact, in 2013, the computer size was reduced to 1 cubic millimeter (Figure 1a). [3] It was constructed by stacking dust-sized chips, including a central processing unit, a memory, a power management circuit, and a timer (Figure 1b) into a rectangular-shaped pile. End users can create a sensor system by adding an application layer, a temperature sensor for instance. A photovoltaic (PV) cell was placed in the top layer (layer 1) to harvest energy, and a microbattery was installed in layer 2 for energy storage. The size of the microbattery measured 1.1×1.69 mm 2 with a thickness of 150 µm. A computer with a similar structure and functionality but much smaller in size was developed in 2018 (Figure 1c). [4] The volume of only 0.04 mm 3 allows for a highly localized measurement of the cellular temperature, thus providing an accurate indicator of cellular metabolism. While these lab-level demonstrations show the future of ubiquitous computing, dustsized computers will only become a new class of computing platforms if they are available anywhere anytime, relying on energy-autonomous operation.The key challenge to realizing perpetual operation is the development of sub-millimeter-scale energy harvesters and storage devices. [2,5] Micro-thermoelectric generators convert heat into electricity, but their output power is too low to drive dust-sized chips. [6] Radiofrequency (RF) power converters suffer from low efficiency when reducing antenna sizes. PV Advances in microelectronics have enabled the use of miniaturized computers for autonomous intelligence at the size of a dust particle less than one square millimeter across and a few hundred micrometers thick, creating an environment for ubiquitous computing. However, the size mismatch between microbatteries and microelectronics has emerged as a fundamental barrier against the take-off of tiny intelligent systems requiring power anytime anywhere. Mainstream microbattery structures include stacked thin films on the chip or electrode pillars and on-chip interdigitated microelectrodes. Nevertheless, available technologies cannot shrink the footprint area of batteries while maintaining adequate energy storage. Alternatively, the on-chip self-assembly process known as micro-origami is capable of winding stacked thin films into Swiss-roll structures to reduce the footprint area, which exactly mimics the manufacture of the most successful full-sized batteries-cylinder batteries. In addition to discussing in detail the technical difficulties of reducing the size of on-chip microbatteries with various structures and potential solutions, this Perspective highlights the following two basic requirements for eventual integration in microcomputers: minimum energy density of 100 microwatt-hour per square centimeter and monolithic integration with other functional electric circuits on the chip.

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A hybrid RF and vibration energy harvester for wearable devices

Nguyen

Amirtharajah

2018

2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

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A 200µm × 200µm × 100µm, 63nW, 2.4GHz injectable fully-monolithic wireless bio-sensing system

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

SynCells: A 60 × 60 μm² Electronic Platform with Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments

SynCells: A 60 × 60 μm² Electronic Platform with Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments

On‐Chip Batteries for Dust‐Sized Computers

A hybrid RF and vibration energy harvester for wearable devices

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A 200µm × 200µm × 100µm, 63nW, 2.4GHz injectable fully-monolithic wireless bio-sensing system

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

SynCells: A 60 × 60 μm2 Electronic Platform with Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments

SynCells: A 60 × 60 μm2 Electronic Platform with Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments

On‐Chip Batteries for Dust‐Sized Computers

A hybrid RF and vibration energy harvester for wearable devices

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

SynCells: A 60 × 60 μm² Electronic Platform with Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments

SynCells: A 60 × 60 μm² Electronic Platform with Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments