A 2-dimensional detector decoding study on BGO arrays with quadrant sharing photomultipliers

Wong, Wai-Hoi; Uribe, J.; Hicks, K.; Zambelli, M.

doi:10.1109/23.322918

Cited by 98 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In other words, how to use arrays of small crystal elements for high spatial resolution while reducing the number of readout channels is a fundamental challenge for the PET detector design. To address the issue, commercial PET scanners have employed position-sensitive detectors of various designs during last 30 years, including Anger-logic-type (Casey and Nutt 1986, Dahlbom and Hoffman 1988, Grazioso et al 2005, quadrant sharing (Wong et al 1994(Wong et al , 1999, and continuous crystal design (Joung et al 2002, Ling et al 2006. An Angerlogic-type PET detector consists of an array of scintillation crystals coupled to a matrix of photodetectors (normally 2 × 2 PMTs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of a clinical PET detector module design that employs large-area avalanche photodetectors

et al. 2011

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We investigated the feasibility of designing an Anger-logic PET detector module using large-area high-gain avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for a brain-dedicated PET/MRI system. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we systematically optimized the detector design with regard to the scintillation crystal, optical diffuser, surface treatment, layout of large-area APDs, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, defined as the 511 keV photopeak position divided by the standard deviation of noise floor in an energy spectrum) of the APD devices. A detector prototype was built comprising an 8 × 8 array of 2.75 × 3.00 × 20.0 mm3 LYSO (lutetium-yttrium-oxyorthosilicate) crystals and a 22.0 × 24.0 × 9.0 mm3 optical diffuser. From the four designs of the optical diffuser tested, two designs employing a slotted diffuser are able to resolve all 64 crystals within the block with good uniformity and peak-to-valley ratio. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results. For the detector employing a slotted optical diffuser, the energy resolution of the global energy spectrum after normalization is 13.4 ± 0.4%. The energy resolution of individual crystals varies between 11.3 ± 0.3% and 17.3 ± 0.4%. The time resolution varies between 4.85 ± 0.04 (center crystal), 5.17 ± 0.06 (edge crystal), and 5.18 ± 0.07 ns (corner crystal). The generalized framework proposed in this work helps to guide the design of detector modules for selected PET system configurations, including scaling the design down to a preclinical PET system, scaling up to a whole-body clinical scanner, as well as replacing APDs with other novel photodetectors that have higher gain or SNR such as silicon photomultipliers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of a clinical PET detector module design that employs large-area avalanche photodetectors

et al. 2011

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“…The relative light distribution is controlled by varying the depth of the slots cut into the crystal block. Alternately, the light passing from one crystal to neighbouring crystals can be controlled by changing the reflectors between the crystals (Wong et al 1994). In our designs, which avoid the use of individual blocks, the light spread is controlled by optimizing the thickness of a lightpipe to share the light among seven PMTs in a close packed hexagonal arrangement (Karp et al 2003).…”

Section: Crystal-to-pmt Encodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positron emission tomography

Muehllehner

Karp²

2006

Phys. Med. Biol.

235

137

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The developments in positron emission tomography (PET) are reviewed with an emphasis on instrumentation for clinical PET imaging. After a brief summary of positron imaging before the advent of computed tomography, various improvements are highlighted including the move from PET scanners with septa to fully 3D scanners, changes in the preferred scintillators, efforts to improve the energy discrimination, and improvements in attenuation correction. Time-of-flight PET imaging is given special attention due to the recent revival of this technique, which promises significant improvement. Besides technical instrumentation efforts, other factors which influenced the acceptance of clinical PET are also discussed.

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“…Many groups have simulated the light-sharing-based detector modules to assess their decoding performances using DETECT, GEANT4 and ZEMAX programs [1,10–14]. Li and Wong has presented a mathematic model based on binomial distribution to simulate the flood map and decoding error of the Photomultiplier-Quadrant-Sharing (PQS) detectors [6,15]. Those mathematic-model-based simulations are generally less accurate but much faster than Monte Carlo simulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fast method for optical simulation of flood maps of light-sharing detector modules

Han

et al. 2015

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Optical simulation of the detector module level is highly desired for Position Emission Tomography (PET) system design. Commonly used simulation toolkits such as GATE are not efficient in the optical simulation of detector modules with complicated light-sharing configurations, where a vast amount of photons need to be tracked. We present a fast approach based on a simplified specular reflectance model and a structured light-tracking algorithm to speed up the photon tracking in detector modules constructed with polished finish and specular reflector materials. We simulated conventional block detector designs with different slotted light guide patterns using the new approach and compared the outcomes with those from GATE simulations. While the two approaches generated comparable flood maps, the new approach was more than 200–600 times faster. The new approach has also been validated by constructing a prototype detector and comparing the simulated flood map with the experimental flood map. The experimental flood map has nearly uniformly distributed spots similar to those in the simulated flood map. In conclusion, the new approach provides a fast and reliable simulation tool for assisting in the development of light-sharing-based detector modules with a polished surface finish and using specular reflector materials.

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A 2-dimensional detector decoding study on BGO arrays with quadrant sharing photomultipliers

Cited by 98 publications

References 8 publications

Investigation of a clinical PET detector module design that employs large-area avalanche photodetectors

Investigation of a clinical PET detector module design that employs large-area avalanche photodetectors

Positron emission tomography

A fast method for optical simulation of flood maps of light-sharing detector modules

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