A 17-fold increase of trifluoroacetic acid in landscape waters of Beijing, China during the last decade

Zhai, Zihan; Wu, Jing; Hu, Xia; Li, Li; Guo, Junyu; Zhang, Boya; Hu, Jianxin; Zhang, Jianbo

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.033

Cited by 54 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The environmental impacts of HFO refrigerants such as R1234yf and R1234ze (E) are more significant than R134a due to the formation of TFA in the atmosphere, which restricts to use as a drop-in replacement. 19 From detailed comparison of thermophysical, thermodynamic, and environmental properties of R134a and its alternatives, it is confirmed that R430A is a good option, which fulfills the major requirements for replacing the R134a in domestic refrigerators as drop-in substitute.…”

Section: Characteristics Of R134a and Its Possible Alternativesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Experimental investigations on R430A as a drop-in substitute for R134a in domestic refrigerators

Mohanraj

2018

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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In this work, the energy performance of a domestic refrigerator has been experimentally investigated using R430A as a possible drop-in substitute to replace R134a. Experiments have been carried out in an R134a-based single evaporator domestic refrigerator of total volume 190 L. The pull-down and ON/OFF cycle performance tests were carried out at 32 ± 0.3 ℃ ambient temperature. The continuous running performance test was carried out for wide range of ambient temperatures between 24 ℃ and 43 ℃ by maintaining evaporator temperature at −12 ± 0.2 ℃. The experimental results showed that the R430A has 3.9% lower energy consumption with 3.8%–6.4% higher coefficient of performance when compared to R134a. However, the compressor discharge temperature of R430A was observed to be 2 ℃–4 ℃ higher when compared to R134a. The lubricant used in R134a compressors is physically stable and retains its lubricant property at 4 ℃ elevated temperature when operating with R430A. The total equivalent warming impact of R430A was found to be 4%–5% lower when compared to R134a due to its higher energy efficiency and lower global warming potential. The results confirmed that R430A is found to be a good drop-in substitute to phase out R134a in domestic refrigerator servicing sectors.

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Section: Characteristics Of R134a and Its Possible Alternativesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Experimental investigations on R430A as a drop-in substitute for R134a in domestic refrigerators

Mohanraj

2018

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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“…Those that have been reported generally do not provide continuous temporal flux data and represent semiquantitative estimates of total deposition flux. Estimates of TFA flux in rainwater were made in the late 1990s (Berg et al, 2000; Scott et al, 2000, Scott, Spencer, et al, 2005), with three made more recently (Chen et al, 2019; Wang et al, 2014; Zhai et al, 2015). Only two studies have reported fluxes of PFPrA in rainwater (Chen et al, 2019; Kwok et al, 2010), while measured PFBA fluxes have been reported in rainwater, firn, and snow in several studies (e.g., Dreyer et al, 2010; Kirchgeorg et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice Core Record of Persistent Short‐Chain Fluorinated Alkyl Acids: Evidence of the Impact From Global Environmental Regulations

Pickard

Criscitiello

Persaud

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Short chain perfluoroalkylcarboxylic acids (scPFCAs, C x F 2x+1 COOH, x ≤ 3) are persistent compounds formed from atmospheric oxidation of fluorotelomer compounds and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) replacements introduced as a result of the Montreal Protocol. Understanding sources and impacts of scPFCAs has been limited by observational data. We report multidecadal depositional fluxes for trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) from two Arctic ice cores. Fluxes of all three scPFCAs increase starting around 1990. Through comparison with chemical transport models and assessment of temporal trends, we observe the importance of CFC replacements in the increased deposition of TFA. Fluorotelomer degradation may contribute to the deposition of PFBA but is insignificant for TFA and PFPrA. Deposition of TFA is expected to increase as new CFC replacement compounds are phased in. This work demonstrates the increased environmental burden of persistent and potentially toxic scPFCAs as a result of global regulation.Plain Language Summary Measurements of persistent compounds were made in two Arctic ice cores. The multidecadal records allow us to better understand the sources and deposition of these chemicals to remote areas. We observed that amounts deposited to the Arctic increased with time starting around 1990. Our results suggest that global regulation and replacement of other environmentally harmful chemicals contributed to the increase of these compounds in the Arctic, illustrating that regulations can have important unanticipated consequences.

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“…In the precipitation collected in the USA and in Canada, TFA was detected in all samples analyzed (n = 196). A 17-fold increase from 23 to 98 ng/L to 345-828 ng/L was observed for TFA concentrations in an urban landscape waters in China between 2002 and 2012 [25], indicating that the environmental concentrations of TFA are increasing, likely as a result of the introduction of HFCs after the phase out of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).…”

Section: Reported Environmental Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased attention was paid on TFA after the phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), according to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer in 1989 [8], and the subsequent introduction of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). TFA has since then been widely studied and reported in various environmental matrices globally [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Other ultra-short-chain PFAAs have not been well studied and data reporting their sources, fate, and environmental occurrence is scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in the analytical determination of ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids and implications for environmental and human health

et al. 2020

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Ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids have recently gained attention due to increasing environmental concentrations being observed. The most well-known ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acid is trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) which has been studied since the 1990s. Potential sources and the fate of ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids other than TFA are not well studied and data reporting their environmental occurrence is scarce. The analytical determination of ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids is challenging due to their high polarity resulting in low retention using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Furthermore, recent studies have reported varying extraction recoveries in water samples depending on the water matrix and different methods have been suggested to increase the extraction recovery. The present review gives an overview of the currently used analytical methods and summarizes the findings regarding potential analytical challenges. In addition, the current state of knowledge regarding TFA and other ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, namely perfluoropropanoic acid, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, perfluoroethane sulfonic acid, and perfluoropropane sulfonic acid‚ are reviewed. Both known and potential sources as well as environmental concentrations are summarized and discussed together with their fate and the environmental and human implications.

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A 17-fold increase of trifluoroacetic acid in landscape waters of Beijing, China during the last decade

Cited by 54 publications

References 34 publications

Experimental investigations on R430A as a drop-in substitute for R134a in domestic refrigerators

Experimental investigations on R430A as a drop-in substitute for R134a in domestic refrigerators

Ice Core Record of Persistent Short‐Chain Fluorinated Alkyl Acids: Evidence of the Impact From Global Environmental Regulations

Challenges in the analytical determination of ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids and implications for environmental and human health

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