A 16-Year Cohort Analysis of Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Morbidity in a Pediatric Population

Cawthorpe, David

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00635

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…We included 56 studies that reported the mean and/or median age at ASD diagnosis, of which 46 reported an overall ASD mean age at diagnosis between 30.9 and 574.4 months (Becerra-Culqui et al, 2018; Begeer et al, 2013; Bello-Mojeed et al, 2017; Bent et al, 2015; Berg et al, 2018; Bravo Oro et al, 2012; Brett et al, 2016; Carias & Wevrick, 2019; Cawthorpe, 2018; Crane et al, 2016; Daniels et al, 2017; Darcy-Mahoney et al, 2016; Emerson et al, 2016; Garrido et al, 2018; Goodwin et al, 2017; Hagberg & Jick, 2017; Hall-Lande et al, 2018; Hausman-Kedem et al, 2018; Höfer et al, 2019; Hrdlicka et al, 2016; Jo et al, 2015; Kentrou et al, 2019; Kurasawa et al, 2018; Lagunju et al, 2014; Larsen, 2015; Lo et al, 2017; Magaña et al, 2013; Manohar et al, 2019; Martinez et al, 2018; Masri et al, 2013; May et al, 2017; Mazurek et al, 2014; Miodovnik et al, 2015; Mishaal et al, 2014; Mpaka et al, 2016; Ribeiro et al, 2017; Rutherford et al, 2016; Salomone et al, 2016; Sheldrick et al, 2017; Shrestha et al, 2019; Sicherman et al, 2017; Talero-Gutiérrez et al, 2012; Ververi et al, 2012; Wei et al, 2018; Zablotsky et al, 2018). Of the 56 studies, 24 reported an overall ASD median age at diagnosis (only or combined with mean age at diagnosis score) between 28 and 96 months (Baio et al, 2018; Becerra-Culqui et al, 2018; Bent et al, 2015;…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We excluded eight of 45 papers reporting the mean age at diagnosis from the meta-analysis: six because no SD was reported (Bravo Oro et al, 2012; Goodwin et al, 2017; Hagberg & Jick, 2017; Jo et al, 2015; Masri et al, 2013; Sheldrick et al, 2017) and two because no sample size for the ASD population was given (Crane et al, 2016; May et al, 2017). Total sample sizes and SDs were calculated from three studies that reported the age at diagnosis by age group (Begeer et al, 2013; Rutherford et al, 2016) or gender (Cawthorpe, 2018) but not for the entire sample.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors associated with age at ASD diagnosis. Of the 56 studies, 10 did not report any influencing factors on age at diagnosis (Cawthorpe, 2018;Garrido et al, 2018;Hausman-Kedem et al, 2018;Lo et al, 2017;Martinez et al, 2018;Masri et al, 2013;May et al, 2017;Mpaka et al, 2016;Nadeem et al, 2019;Ribeiro et al, 2017). However, 46 studies reported many possible influencing factors on age at ASD diagnosis, including type of ASD diagnosis, additional diagnoses and gender among the most frequently reported (Supplemental Material 2).…”

Section: Additional Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019

Hof

Tisseur²,

Berckelear-Onnes

et al. 2020

Autism

254

109

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Between 1990 and 2012, the global mean age at diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder ranged from 38 to 120 months. Measures have since been introduced to reduce the age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, but the current global mean age is unknown. This review and meta-analysis report the average age at diagnosis from studies published between 2012 and 2019. We initially identified 1150 articles, including 56 studies that reported the mean or median age at diagnosis across 40 countries (n = 120,540 individuals with autism spectrum disorder). Meta-analysis results (on 35 studies, including 55 cohorts from 35 countries, n = 66,966 individuals with autism spectrum disorder) found a current mean age at diagnosis of 60.48 months (range: 30.90–234.57 months). The subgroup analysis for studies that only included children aged ⩽10 years (nine studies, including 26 cohorts from 23 countries, n = 18,134 children with autism spectrum disorder) showed a mean age at diagnosis of 43.18 months (range: 30.90–74.70 months). Numerous factors may influence age at diagnosis and were reported by 46 studies, often with conflicting or inconclusive findings. Our study is the first to ascertain the global average age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis from a meta-analysis. Continued efforts to lower the average age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis are needed. Lay abstract We currently assume that the global mean age at diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder ranges from 38 to 120 months. However, this range is based on studies from 1991 to 2012 and measures have since been introduced to reduce the age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis (statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies) for studies published between 2012 and 2019 to evaluate the current age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. We included 56 studies that reported the age at diagnosis for 40 countries (containing 120,540 individuals with autism spectrum disorder). Results showed the current mean age at diagnosis to be 60.48 months (range: 30.90–234.57 months) and 43.18 months (range: 30.90–74.70 months) for studies that only included children aged ⩽10 years. Numerous factors that may influence age at diagnosis (e.g. type of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, additional diagnoses and gender) were reported by 46 studies, often with conflicting or inconclusive results. Our study is the first to determine the global average age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis from a meta-analysis. Although progress is being made in the earlier detection of autism spectrum disorder, it requires our constant attention.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Additional Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019

Hof

Tisseur²,

Berckelear-Onnes

et al. 2020

Autism

254

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Comorbidities may be psychiatric [6], neurological [7], or related to medical conditions beyond the brain in the field of Pediatrics or General Medicine [8]. Recent literature has demonstrated that people with ASD diagnosis may have multiple comorbidities in different combinations and severity [9] and even temporal, transient hyper-multimorbidity. Multimorbidity is present when multiple medical issues (called comorbidities) are diagnosed in the same person.…”

Section: Introduction-the Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rationale of an Advanced Integrative Approach Applied to Autism Spectrum Disorder: Review, Discussion and Proposal

Ferreira

Loyacono

2021

JPM

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The rationale of an Advanced Integrative Model and an Advanced Integrative Approach is presented. In the context of Allopathic Medicine, this model introduces the evaluation, clinical exploration, diagnosis, and treatment of concomitant medical problems to the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. These may be outside or inside the brain. The concepts of static or chronic, dynamic encephalopathy and condition for Autism Spectrum Disorder are defined in this model, which looks at the response to the treatments of concomitant medical problemsto the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. (1) Background: Antecedents and rationale of an Advanced Integrative Model and of an Advanced Integrative Approach are presented; (2) Methods: Concomitant medical problems to the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and a discussion of the known responses of their treatments are presented; (3) Results: Groups in Autism are defined and explained, related to the responses of the treatments of the concomitant medical problems to ASD and (4) Conclusions: The analysis in the framework of an Advanced Integrative Model of three groups including the concepts of static encephalopathy; chronic, dynamic encephalopathy and condition for Autism Spectrum Disorder explains findings in the field, previously not understood.

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“…Absent from this body of work has been the prospective study of the multi-morbidity associated with early dental caries. Multi-morbidity is an emerging field in the management of disease in terms of understanding its etiology, sequelae, and potential mechanisms, notwithstanding the relationship of early dental caries to the preventable burden of disease [9,[29][30][31][32][33]. To date examination of the relationship of epidemiological investigation to mechanism pertaining to early dental caries has not included study of multi-morbidity [34][35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Dental Caries and Their Associated International Classifications of Disease Morbidity: A 16-Year Population Study

Cawthorpe¹

2021

DOBCR

Self Cite

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Objective: The study objective was to examine the relationship between dental caries diagnosed before the age of four and ICD diseases over a 16-year period. Methods: The sample of approximately 33,531 (48% female) individuals having a total of 2,864,790 physician diagnoses over 16 years comprised a the cohort two groups, one with (2.7% of the sample) and one without dental caries (dependent variable) that were under the age of four years in the first two years of the sample data. Categories of dental caries and associated gingivitis and periodontal disease were based on the International Classification of Disease (ICD Version 9) diagnostic codes 521-523. The sample was described. Odds ratios comparing those with and without dental caries and the main ICD classes were calculated. Additionally, the ratio of each ICD diagnosis frequency comparing the cohort groups were calculated and represented the diagnoses assigned over the first 15 physician visits. Results: Males had proportionally more dental caries diagnosed. Diagnoses were made predominantly by general practitioners. Within the dental caries cohort group, associated ICD diagnoses were over-represented in both odds ratios and within individual ICD diagnoses on the first diagnosis and over the first 15 diagnoses in time. Conclusion: Dental caries diagnosed in very young children before the age of four are associated with multi-morbidity over subsequent years. Sex differences and patterns of associated morbidity may contribute to a better understanding of early life vulnerability to dental caries and their sequelae.

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A 16-Year Cohort Analysis of Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Morbidity in a Pediatric Population

Cited by 12 publications

References 67 publications

Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019

Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019

Rationale of an Advanced Integrative Approach Applied to Autism Spectrum Disorder: Review, Discussion and Proposal

Early Dental Caries and Their Associated International Classifications of Disease Morbidity: A 16-Year Population Study

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