A 10 year single centre experience of percutaneous and endoscopic extraction of bile duct stones with T tube in situ.

Gallstones and Benign Biliary Diseases

“…Retained stones can be removed percutaneously along the T -tube tract in 77 -96% of patients [194] with a complication rate of 2 -4% (cholangitis, pancreatitis, tract perforation). The T -tube should have been in place for 4 -5 weeks before stone removal to allow a fi brous tract to form.…”

“…Because of the availability of endoscopic techniques including sphincterotomy, percutaneous removal is now infrequently used. With a T -tube in place the endoscopic approach is successful in about 75% [194] .…”

Choledocholithiasis: Percutaneous Treatment

“…In this way we turn a large biliary stone into small fragments that can pass through the duct until they are extracted. 8) 1 (0.1) Burhenne [5] 661 628 (95) 27 ( 4) 0 (0) Caprini [6] 219 210 (96) 11 ( 5) 2 (1) Nussinson [7] 204 158 (77) 6 ( 4) 0 (0) Burhenne [8] 612 557 (91) 27 ( 4) 0 (0) Adapted from Cotton [4]. When this procedure takes a long time and is difficult, the radiographic image usually becomes less clear because of air entering the bile duct.…”

“…Each of these authors described variations to the general technique using various forceps, baskets, wires, guides, and other instruments. All of the studies reported good results (Table 1) [4], and so this treatment is preferred [2,[5][6][7][8].…”